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uroup 



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— j j— I j — ' Spalding " Red Cover " Series of ^^-i pi i — 

—. I I Athletic Handbooks I — . _ 

U No. 61R U 



SCHOOL TACTICS 



AND 



MAZE RUNNING 



WRITTEN BY 

C. WARD CRAMPTON, M.D, 

EMANUEL HAUG 

MONTAGUE GAMMON 



EDITED BY 

LUTHER HALSEY GULICK, M.D. 

Ex-President American Physical Education 

Society; Former Director of Physical Training 

New York Public Schools 



PUBLISHED BY 

AMERICAN SPORTS PUBLISHING 

COMPANY 

■ — ' ■-* '— ) 21 Warren Street, New York 







&V1' 






Copyright. 1916 

BY 

American Sports Publishing Company 
New York 



©CIA453643 

m 13 1917 



PREFACE 

It is almost necessary in any school system, that the 
system of marching be uniform throughout the different 
schools, otherwise when pupils go from one school to an- 
other there will be confusion, and discipline will be ren- 
dered difficult. 

In any public school system it seems important that the 
tactics follow as closely as possible those of the United 
States Army, not because those are the best in all respects, 
but because many of the individuals will enter the different 
regiments later, as this is the most commonly accepted and 
generally understood form in America. It is thus most 
practicable, and as it seems possible to unite upon this, 
whereas it w^ould not be possible to unite upon any sys- 
tem which represented the views of a special group of 
men, it seems necessary to have a separate manual, because 
a large fraction of the comiuiands used in the army are 
unnecessary for use in g}'mnasiums, and there are a num.- 
ber of conditions to be met with in the gymnasiums for 
which adequate commands do not exist in tJie Infantry 
Manual. 

The following manual has been prepared by mec who 
are thoroughly familiar with their work, and who are 
daily doing that which they describe. The first part, 
called "Physical Training Tactics," written by Dr. 0. 
Ward Crampton, of the High School of Commerce^ New 
York, and Mr. Emanuel Haug, of the De Witt Clinton 
High School, New York, is intended particularly for high 



school use. The second portion of the work, beginning 
with page 56, is written by Mr. Montague Gammon, and 
contains instructions which are peculiar to the conditions 
obtaining in elementary schools. The diagrams for maz<» 
running were prepared by Mr. Haug. 



INTRODUCTION 

Tactics are important to the gymnasium director as a 
means of managing classes, conducting physical training 
periods, and also for the educational discipline that lies in 
the prompt understanding and execution of orders. 

The present work aims to be a convenient guide for the 
physical director, conducing to a uniform interpretation 
of commands in vogue, and tending eventually to a uni- 
form method in tactics. 

The commands and methods of execution of commands 
here presented are identical with the United States Mili- 
tary Tactics in so far as those tactics apply to gymnastic 
work. In many instances it has been found advisable to 
insert additional commands not found in tlie military code, 
and, in a few exceptional instances, a different method of 
execution is given, to meet the difference in aims between 
gymnastic and military work. Whenever any such change 
is suggested, the reasons are stated and the military method 
is immediately quoted for those who may wish to follow it 
unmodified. 

It is thought that the manual, while not exhaustive, 
will meet the needs of instructors in schools that have 
students trained in military tactics as well as those of a 
less distinctively military character. 



Q SCHOOL TACnCS. 



HISTORY OF TACTICS 

Probably the earliest account of tactics is that from the 
Greeks. At the time of Alexander the Great, tactics for 
military purposes had been considerably developed. Ac- 
counts of formality of movement in bodies of troops are 
preserved and their effectiveness was apparently well dem- 
onstrated. 

In mediaeval times tactics were still a part of military 
usage, though the feudal system allowed of but little of the 
j&nish and accuracy of movement, with the involved disci- 
pline, which probably prevailed in the Greek and Roman 
periods. 

From the advent of firearms, we find a progressive for- 
malization of tactics down to tlie present day. In gymnas- 
tics tactics were developed as need required: Jahn in 
Germany at first used only the simplest w^ords of com- 
mand to a crowd of boys or a group of students out of 
doors, in the field, or in the old original Turnplaetze; 
Spiess, in developing school gymnastics, did much also 
for tactics. Ling in Sweden used the military tactics in 
vogue from 1810 to 1820, and adopted a considerable mass 
of tactics to gymnastic use. 

In this country any and every kind is in vogue, from a 
mere rush for spots on the floor to the most exact military 
tactics. The situation of the present day is due to diver- 
sity of aims as well as diversity of origin. Some gymnas- 
tic directors wish only to get classes on the floor for work 



SCHOOL TACTICS. IT 

and off again as quickly as possible, not regarding march- 
ing and formation as useful in themselves. Others realize 
the advantage of tactics for the cultivation of class feeling, 
po.sture, accuracy, etc., and devote more or less time to 
them. Others, where military tactics are demanded in 
the curriculum, are forced to use them; others, still, be- 
lieve in tactics so highly for their undoubted benefits as 
to use them to a disproportionate degree. 

With these points in view, the following classification 
of tactics is used here : 

1. Simple preliminary tactics. 

2. Class formation. 

3. Tactics for purpose of exercise ; maze runs. 



8 SCHOOL TACTICS. 



INTRODUCTORY COMMANDS 

Method of GtIVINg Commands. — There are two kinds 
of commands: the Preparatory Command, such as For- 
ward, indicating the movement that is to be executed, 
and the Command of Execution, such as March, Halt, 
and which causes the execution. Preparatory commands 
are printed in Italics; those of execution in Capitals. 

"The preparatory command should be given at such in- 
terval of time before the command of execution as to admit 
of its being properly understood; the command of execu- 
tion should be given at the instant the movement is to 
commence." (U. S. A.) 

Ehythmic AIethod. — In giving commands it is often 
necessary to indicate the amount of time to be given to 
the execution of the command, if it is a single act, as: 
In Place, Eest. And it is often necessary to indicate the 
rhythm with which a motion involving rhythm is to be 
executed, as in marching. This is accomplished by estab- 
lishing the rhythm in the order, by leaving the same inter- 
val between the preparatory and the executive commands 
as is intended will be left between the executive command 
and the completion of the movement as: 

In Place (interval one-half second), Rest. (Interval 
one-half second.) Foot strikes the ground. 

Forward (interval one-half second), March. (Interval 
one-half second.) Left (one-half second) ; Right (one- 
half second) ; and so on. 



SCHOOL TACTICS. 9 

DELAYED METHOD.-Ia this mcthod the Wmr^^^^y 

command :s followed by a P-- .^"-i-^f ^^^^^ /f ,f J '^Z 
the rhvthm would require. This conduces to the most 
perfect understandmg of the order, fixes the attention by 
producing a nervous tension of expectancy and gams a 
i;,"; certain response. This method often brings back the 
fla^ginor attention of a class. , m , _;i 

lie rhythmic method is the one that f-l^ ''<^; f^ 
habitually A class does not have to be told about the 
method of command, but will naturally follow out any 
Aythm established in the order. All through gymnastics 
this principle can be used with effect. 

"The tone of command is animated, distinct, and of a 
loudness proportioned to the number of men under m- 
truction. Each preparatory command is pronounced m 
an ascending tone of voice, but always in such a manner 
hat he command of execution may be more energetic 
and elevated. The command of execution is pronounced 
in a firm, brief tone." (U.S.A.) .„ „,p the 

Voice -The physical trainer must learn to use the 
vol correctly, or suffer from a disordered e'- continued 
physical discomfort, and an occasional breakdown. This is 
no the place to go into details of voice training, as there 
are several good books obtainable on the subject In out- 
Le, tie im'portant points are: 1, Correct PO-tion -* 
hicrh chest giving increased breathing capacity and in- 
SL? ionancf; 2, Abdominal expiration -^^^^^^^^^^ 
before the chest expiration commences, 3, Tone placm,, 
not in the throat, "in front of the brow, at a distance. 

To insure the correct use of the voice the physical con- 
dition must be of the best. The teacher must always and 



2Q SCHOOL TACTICS. 

ever exemplify what lie is teaching : correct position, accu- 
racy, and decision of movement. The physical condition 
of the teacher will be mirrored in every movement of the 
class. 

The teacher must cultivate a military feeling, a feeling 
of rhythm and of readiness, and the class will show the 
result. A mind full of the work in hand means the best 
results; preoccupation on the teacher's part will lead to a 
lazy and disordered class. 

Teaching. — Control of a class depends upon several 
factors: 1, a thorough knowledge of the work given, and 
the consequent confidence and respect of the class; 2, thor- 
ough exemplification of the gymnastic and military ideal 
in the teacher himself; 3, eternal vigilance and strictest 
discipline, setting a mark for discipline and never allow- 
ing a departure from it, "meaning business" all the time 
and "keeping at it"; 4, correct methods of teaching: a, 
get order and maintain it, even at the price of delay in 
teaching; nothing can be done Avithout "100 per cent, 
order"; h, do not present too much at one time; c, show 
the work and explain it briefly ; do not point out any diffi- 
culties until they actually arise; d, explain fully how the 
work is to be done on the command, and the rate at which 
it is to be done; e, try the movement once or twice, then 
correct class or individuals and combat difficulties as they 
arise; /, repeat until the movement is as perfect as could 
reasonably be expected of the class at its stage of training; 
Do not drop it half learned in the endeavor to maintain 
interest by giving something new. Make the thing inter- 
esting by rest, and, during rest, an explanation of the 
movement and interesting facts, military or otherwise, 



SCHOOL TACTICS. H 

associated with it. The following extract from "The Mili- 
tary Tactics" is of value: '"The instructor explains each 
movement in as few words as possible, at the same time 
executing it himself. He requires the recruits to take by 
themselves the proper positions and does not touch them 
for the purpose of correcting them, except when they are 
unable to correct themselves; he avoids keeping them too 
long at the same movement, although each should be un- 
derstood before passing to another. He exacts by degrees 
the desired precision and uniformity. When the execution 
of a movement is improperly begun and the instructor 
wishes to begin it anew for the purpose of correcting it 
he commands : As you were, at which the movement ceases 
and the former position is resumed." (TJ. S. A.) 

Definitions. 

Alignment— A straight line upon which several men or 
bodies of men are formed. 

Column— A formation in which the elements are placed 
one behind another. 

Depth— ThG space from head to rear of any formation. 

Distance — Space in the direction of depth. 

Echelon.— In the order in echelon the individuals or units 
are placed one behind another, extending beyond or un- 
masking one another wholly or in part. 

Facing Distance — Fourteen inches. 

File—T\vo men, a front rank man and the corresponding 
man in the rear rank. 

Flank— The right or left of a command in line or column 

Interval— S^SLce between the elements in the same line. 



22 SCHOOL TACTICS. 

Pace — Thirty inches, the length of a full step in quick 

time. 
Ranl{. — A line of men placed side by side. 

Following practically the order in which a teacher would 
put into use his commands -with an untaught class, the 
following manoeuvres are given: 1, the name of the man- 
oeuvre; 2, the command; 3, the description and comment: 

Attention.— (7/(355, Attention. "Each individual 
stands firm in position." 

Position. — "Heels on the same line, as near each other 
as the conformation of the land permits. Feet turned out 
equally and forming with each other an angle of about 60 
degrees. [See note below.] Knees straight without stiff- 
ness. Body erect on the hips, inclining a little forward. 
Shoulders square and falling equally. Arms and hands 
hanging naturally, backs of the hands outward, little fin- 
gers opposite the seams of the trousers, elbows near the 
body. Head erect, square to the front, chin slightly 
drawn in without constraint, eyes straight to the front." 
(U. S. A.) 

Note. For gymnastic purposes, and perhaps for all 
purposes, it is better not to have the toes turned out 60 
degrees, but to decrease the angle to 30 degrees or below, 
approaching the more hygienic "straight foot." 

The order shoulders hacTc should very seldom be given 
to an individual, and never to a class, as it results in 
throwing the head and abdomen forward. The position 
is better corrected by the command raise chest. The cor- 
rect position of shoulders can be attained by insisting upon 
the weight being forward upon the balls of the feet. The 
body should swing forward from the ankles, and not from 



SCHOOL TACTICS. J^ 

the hips, as the above quoted description might be con- 
strued to indicate. The position as usually taken by the 
untrained is faulty and poor as regards the position of the 
head and the distribution of the weight and can be correct- 
ed mainly by attention to these points. 

"WTien attention is gained, the class standing in dis- 
persed order in silence, the following command is given: 
Class, Fall In. (Indicating place and position between 
preparatory and executive order, if necessary.) 

"^^The instructor requires the recruits to place the palm 
of the left hand upon the hip, below the belt when worn ; he 
then places them on the same line, so that the right arm of 
each man rests lightly against the left elbow of the man 
next on his right, and then directs the left hand to be re- 
placed by the side. The men thus find themselves with an 
interval that allows for a free movement of the arms. When 
the recruits have learned how to take their places, they 
are required to assemble without assistance on the com- 
mand — fall in. They assemble rapidly, as above prescribed, 
at attention, each man dropping the left hand as soon as 
the man next on his left has his interval." (U. S. A.) 

If arrangement as to size is desired (as should always 
be the case), directions to that effect should be given with 
the preparatory order. The largest should be on the right 
flank. 

PREFERRED METHOD.— Have the left arm slightly 
bent, by raising the hand only three inches, thus giving 
room enough for all necessary manoeuvres without crowd- 
ing. This method is advocated for general use in scbools. 



j^4 SCHOOL TACTICS. 

DRESS. 

Right, Dress; Front. 

Turn the head to the right, the shoulders remaining 
square and at equal height. Observe with the left eye the 
line, and shift the position of the feet so that the chest 
will be on a line with the neighboring two pupils on the 
right. The left hand should be raised three inches, bend- 
ing the elbow slightly; in this position move to the right 
until the right arm touches the neighbors elbow. 

Caution: — Keep the head erect, shoulders on a line, 
not twisted; the body must be adjusted by moving the feet 
and so maintaining the correct position, and not by shift- 
ing the weight of the body backward or forward which 
would destroy the equilibrium. 

XoTE — 1. Military dress, with palm raised to waist, 
gives greater interval. 

2. Dress can be made to center or to any designated man 
of rank. 

EESTS. 

In place, Eest. Class, Attention. 

The right foot is moved 6 inches straight to the rear 
and turned slightly outward from the straight foot posi- 
tion, the weight being held evenly on both feet. Place 
the left hand in the right behind the body with the arms 
and the knees straight. 

Class, At Ease. Class, Attention. 

"Keep one heel in place, and preserve silence but not 
immobility." (U. S. A.) 

(N'oTE — Parade, Eest is not given, as the arms are 
placed in this position in front of the chest.) 



SCHOOL TACTICS. 15 

FACING. 

Right, Face. 

"Slightly raise the left heel and right toe and face to the 
right, turning on the right heel assisted by a slight pressure 
on the ball of the left foot; Left face is executed upon the 
left heel/^ (U. S. A.) 

About J Face. 

"Executed on the right heel. Eaise slightly the left 
heel and right toe. face to the rear, turning to the right on 
the right heel and the ball of the left foot ; replace the left 
foot beside the right." (U. S. A.) 

MxiEKING TIME. 

Marh time, March. 

Start with the left foot and make a semblance of march- 
ing, without gaining ground, by alternately advancing 
each foot about one-half its length and bringing it back 
on a line with the other. 

Class, Halt. 

The executive command is given when the left foot is 
returned to place, it remains there, and the right foot fin- 
ishes the step, closing to the left. 

FACING WHILE MARKING TIME. 

Right, Face. 

The preparatory command is given when the right foot 
strikes the ground ; the left foot takes another step, and the 
executive command is given when the right foot strikes 
the ground again. The left foot is advanced, returns to 
place and the turn is made upon it while the right foot is 
in the air. 



Ig SCHOOL TACTICS. 

COUN'TING OFF WHILE IN LINE AT A HALT. 

Count off twos (3-4-6-8), Count. 

This should start from the right flank. Each man should 
turn his head as he speaks his number toward his neighbor 
on the left and immediately bring his head again to the 
front. 

Count off. Running order, Count. Count up to total 
number in class. 

MARCHING FROM PLACE. 

Forward, March. Class, Halt. 

"The length of the full step in quick or regular time is 
thirty inches, measured from heel to heel, and the cadence 
is at the rate of 120 steps per minute. 

At the command forward, throw the weight of the body 
upon the right leg, left knee straight. At the com- 
mand march, move the left leg smartly but without jerk, 
straight forward 30 inches from the right, measuring from 
heel to heel, sole near the ground ; straighten and turn the 
knee slightly out; at the same time throw the weight of 
the body forward and plant the foot without shock, weight 
of body resting upon it ; next, in like manner, advance the 
right foot and plant it as above; continue march." (U. 
S. A.) 

Note. To secure quick and uniform starting, and obvi- 
ate the lagging that is always shown by a new class, it is 
advisable to use the following preliminary orders in rank 
and column until considerable facility is gained. 

One step forward, March. 

Take one step forward with the left foot; close with the 
right foot. It is often an assistance to a correct idea of 
length to pace to insist that the left foot on this order 



SCHOOL TACTICS. Yi 

take the place vacated by the left foot of the student in 
front (while in single file). 

Two steps forward, March. 

This can be given in a similar way. The distance be- 
tween students is easily regulated by having them march 
with the elbow bent at the hip and the forearm and 
fingers stretching forward, just touching the elbow of the 
student in front. 

YARIATIOXS IN" MARCHING. 

Short step, March. 

Take steps of 15 inches. If, while marching in double 
time, 18 inches. 

Side step rights M.uicii. 

Carry the right foot 12 inches to the right, keeping 
knees straight and shoulders square to the front; as soon 
as the right foot is planted, bring the left foot to the side 
of it; continue the movement, observing the cadence for 
each foot. 

Backward, March. (From a halt.) 

Step backward with the left foot 15 inches to the rear, 
measuring from heel to heel, then with the right, and so 
on, the feet alternating. At the comm,and halt, bring 
back the foot in front to the side of the one in the rear. 

Forward, Double time, March. (From a halt, mark- 
ing time or marching.) 

"At the command forward, throw the weight of the body 
on the right leg; at the command March^ raise the hands 
till the forearms are horizontal, fingers closed, nails toward 
the body, elbows to the rear; carry forward the left foot, 
knee slightly bent and somewhat raised, and plant the foot 



■j_g CCHOOL TACTICS. 

36 inches from the right; then execute the same motion 
with the right foot; continue this alternate movement of 
the feet, throwing the weight of the body forward and 
allowing a natural swinging motion to the arms." (U. 
S. A.) 

TO HALT. 
From Quick Time. 
Class, Halt. 

At the command halt, given as either foot is coming 
to the floor, advance the other foot one step; the first is 
then brought up and planted without shock by the side of 
the other. 

From Double Time. 
Class, Halt. 

Give the command halt, when the left foot strikes the 
ground; take another step forward with the right foot, 
then with the left foot, and close right foot to left. 

MARCHING FROM PLACE AND CHANGING 
DIRECTION. 

From a halt. 

By the right flanlc, March. 

At the command march, turn 90 deg. to the right, step- 
ping off immediately with the left foot without closing it 
to the right. 

Left oblique, MARCH. 

Executed as above, with turn of 45 degrees. 

To the rear, March. 

Executed as above, with turn of 180 degrees. Always 
made to the right. 



SCHOOL TACTICS. ]^9 

CHANGE OF DIRECTIOiSr WHILE MARCHING. 

By the riglit flank, March. 

At the command march, given as the right foot strikes 
the ground, advance the left foot, turn to the right on the 
ball of the left foot and take a step in the new direction 
with the right foot. 

To the right oblique, Maech. 

Executed as the previous movement, the change of di- 
rection being 45 degrees. 

To the rear, March. 

^^\t the command inarch, given as the right foot strikes 
the ground, advance and plant the left foot; then turn on 
the balls of both feet, face to the right-about and imme- 
diately step off with the left foot. 

"If marching in double time, turn to the right-about and 
take four short steps in place, keeping the cadence, and 
then step off in the new direction with the left foot.'" 
(U. S. A.) 

Backward, March. 

The command march is given when the left foot strikes 
the ground; the right foot finishes the step forward, the 
left foot is then raised backward and planted in the same 
spot; the right foot then takes a place fifteen inches back 
of it; the movement is continued, alternating with steps 
of fifteen inches. 

MARCHING IN SINGLE FILE. 

1. To change direction of march and maintain column. 

Column right, March. 

The command march should be given as the right foot 
of the leader strikes the ground; the left is then advanced 



20 SCHOOL TACTICS. 

and a turn of 90 degrees is made on the ball of the left 
foot, the right taking the first step in the new direction. 
In the corners of the gymnasium this should be taken 
without command. 

2- Column half right, Makch. 

Executed as the previous movement, the change of di- 
rection being 45 degrees. 

3. Count erm^irch rights ^Iarcii. 

The leader turns 180 degrees to the right in a half circle 
with four steps, the others follow. 
4- Marching in column, counted off in fours, to march 

in column of two or four, and continue in the same di- 
rection. 

Form twos, right ohlique, March. 

At the command march, Numbers 1 and 3 mark time 
till Numbers 2 and 4, respectively, oblique to their sides, 
when the march is resumed by twos. 
4b. Form- fours, nght ohlique, March. 

Number 1 marks time till Numbers 2, 3, and 4 have 
obliqued to his side, when the march is resumed by fours. 
A column of fours, from column of twos, is formed in a 
similar manner. 
5. Marching in column, to march to the flank in line. 

By the right flanlc, March. 

Each member of the line executes the order hy the right 
flanlc, march, as given. The line guides to the left. 

Guiding — The man on the end of the line on which 
the guide is made marches straight to the front. The men 
preserve their intervals, toward the guide, yielding to 
pressure on that side and resisting pressure from the oppo- 



SCHOOL TACTICS. 21 

site direction. Wliile habitually keeping thft head to the 
front they may occasionally glance toward the side of the 
guide to preserve alignment and intervals. The head is 
turned as little as possible for this purpose. 

Guiding can be made on right or left flank, center, or 
on any designated member of the line. 

6- To form column of fours proceeding to the side. (See 
cut No. 10.) 

By the right flanlc, form fours, March. 

At the command march the first four execute a right 
flank and step off in the new direction, the next four con- 
tinue to march till they can execute the right flank on the 
same ground as the first four have done, when they exe- 
cute the right flank and follow the flrst four. 

7- To the right ohlique, March. 

Each individual executes a turn of 45 degrees and con- 
tinues in the new direction, preserving the line. 



22 SCHOOL TACTICSw 



STANDING IN LINE. 

1. To march to the flank in column. 
By the right flank, March. 

On the command march, turn to the right on the right 
heel and the ball of the left foot and instantly step for- 
ward with the left foot. 

2. To march by the flank in column of fours. (See cut 
No. 1.) 

Fours right, March. 

"At the command march, each four wheels 90 degrees to 
the right on a fixed pivot, the pivot man turning strictly in 
his place; the man on the marching flank maintains the 
full step, moving on the arc of a circle with the pivot man 
as the center; the men dress on the marching flank, 
shorten their steps according to their distance from it. and 
keep their intervals from the pivot." Having executed the 
quarter-turn the column of fours thus formed marches 
forward. 



SCHOOL TACTICS. 



23 



^ 5 




Cut ^0. 1. 

Standing in Line. No. 3. 
2 i^ot^rs right, Maech. 



24 SCHOOL TACTICS. 



3. To march to the front in column of fours. (See cut 

No. 2.) 

Right forward, fours right, Mabcii. 

"At the command march, the right four moves straigttt 
to the front, shortening the first three or four steps, the 
other fours wheel to the right, each on a fixed pivot; the 
second four, when its wheel is two-thirds completed, wheels 
to the left on a movable pivot and follows the first, the 
other fours, having wheeled to the right move forward, and 
each wheels to the left on a movable pivot, so as to follow 
the second/' 



SCHOOL TACTICS. 



25 



^3 



<r 



Cut No. 2. 
Standing in Line. No. 3. 
Right forward^ fours right, Maech. 




26 SCHOOL TACTICS. 



4. To turn and form a line in a new direction at a halt 
(See cut No. 3.) 

Company right, March. 

"The man on the right faces to the right. The others 
half face to the right and, marching with a regular stepj 
place themselves successively on the alignment established 
by the man on the right; all dress to the right without 
command. The instructor verifies the alignment from the 
pivot flank and commands front." 

5. To turn and form a line in a new direction and march 
in that direction. 

Bight turn, March, Forward, March. 

At the command march the man on the right flank 
marches to the right flank by short steps, the other men 
half face to the right and moving by the shortest route 
place themselves on the new line when they take up a short 
step. As soon as the men have arrived on the line, the 
instructor commands : Forward, March, and the full step 
is taken up. 



SCHOOL TACTICS. 



27 




Cut No. 3, 

Standing in Line. No. 4. 
Company right, March. 



28 SCHOOL TACTICS. 



MARCHING IN LINE. 
1 . To march in column to either flank. 

By the light flank, March. 

Each man executes a right flank and marches to the 
right. 
2- To form column of fours, new direction. 

Fours right, Maecii. 

Executed as fows right when standing in line. 

3. To march to the front in column of fours. 
Right forward, fours right, March. 
Executed as from the standing position. 

4. To turn and march to the rear. 

(a) To the rear, March. 

Each man executes a rear march. 
(h) Fours right about, March. (See cut No. 4.) 
Each four executes a turn of 180 degrees on a fixed 
pivot and simultaneously arriving in line marches for- 
ward. 
5- To wheel and regain same line (for practice in wheel- 

Fours right luheel, March. 

Fours wheel to the right, as in fours right, through a 
complete circle and continue wheeling until the order halt. 



SCHOOL TACTICSk 



29 




^ 



Cut No. 4. 

Maeching in Line. No. 4&. 
Fours right about, Maech. 



30 



SCHOOL TACTICS. 



MARCHIXG IX COLTOIX OF FOUES. 
1 . To change direction of column. 

(a) Column right, March. 

At the command inarch the leading rank of fours wheels 
90 degrees to the right on a movable pivot, who takes steps 
of ten inches in quick time, and twelve inches in double 
time, gaining ground forward so as to clear the wheeling 
point. The man on the marching flank maintains the full 
step, moving on the arc of a circle with the pivot man as 
the center, the men dress on the marching flank, shorten 
their steps according to the distance from it and keep their 
intervals from the pivot. Upon the completion of the 
wheel the leading four resumes the full step and succeed- 
ing fours wheel in the same manner at the same spot. 

(b) Column half right, March. 

Executed in a similar manner with a turn of 45 degrees. 

(c) Countermarch right, March. (See cut Xo. 5.) 
Executed as above with a turn of 180 degrees. 



SCHOOL TACTICS. 



31 




> 



^ 






Cut No. 5. 

Marching in Column of Fours. No. Ic. 
Countermarch, right, Makch. 



^ I 



32 SCHOOL TACTICS. 



2. To march by the flank in line. (See cut No. 6.) 
Fours right, March. 

At the command march each four wheels to the right 90 
degrees, forming a line and marching forward in the new 
direction guiding to the left. 

3. To march to the rear in column of fours, reversing the 
marching order. 

Fours right about, March. 

On the command march, fours wheel to the right, exe- 
cuting a turn of 180 degrees, and continue marching in 
the new direction in column of fours. 



SCHOOL TACTICS. 

cv «^ ^ 



33 




o 

5 



d 



GO 

B 

o 

O 









34 SCHOOIf TACTICS. 



4. To form right into single file. (See cut No. 7.) 

Right by file, March. 

At the command march, the first man moves forward, 
the others execute a turn of 45 degrees to the right, march 
obliquely, falling in behind the first man in single file. 

Single file from column of twos is similarly executed. 



SCHOOL TACnCS. 



35 



c 



^* 



\: 



<^ 



(A ^ 



G^ ^ 



rs- 



^ ■T^ ■ V f 



Cut No. 7. 
Maeching in Column of Fours. No. 4. 
Right, hy file, March. 



33 SCHOOL TACTICS. 



5. To foriru a line without cKange of direction. (See 

cut No. 8.) 

Right front into line, March. 

At the command march the leading four moves straight 
to the front, dressing to the left; the other fours oblique 
to the right until opposite their place in line, when each 
marches to the front. 



SCHOOL TACTICS. 



37 




33 SCHOOLi VACIICS. 



6. To form a line with change of direction. (See cut 

No. 9.) 

On right into line, Maech. 

At the command march, the leading four wheels to the 
right on a movable pivot and moves forward, dressing to 
the right ; each of the other fours marches a distance equal 
to its front beyond the wheeling point of the next four 
proceeding, wheels to the right and advances as explained 
for the first four. 

Marching in twos, three, fours, fives, sixes, eights, etc., 
the evolutions are executed in a similar manner. 



SCHOOL TACTICS. 

N o^ eri ^ ^ 

"HT" "T^ "T~ "T— , 



89 




40 SCHOOL TACTICS. 

CLASS FORMATION. 

Class formations made directly from line present the 
quickest method of forming for class work, and may be "used 
successfully with a small class standing along one side, 
preferably the short side of the g}^mnasium. These meth- 
ods cannot well be used with a large class in a small gym- 
nasium, for if the line be too long, the front of the class 
will be too broad to be commanded and taught effectively 
by the instructor; and if he takes his place on one flank 
with the class facing him, the depth will be too great. 

If the classes line up in two lines on opposite sides of 
the gymnasium, facing the center, or if the two lines are 
facing the same way, a sufficient distance apart, twice the 
number can be handled by these very quick methods. 

The line is supposed to be counted off in fours. 

OPENING ORDEE FROM A LINE (FRONT RANK). 

1. To open order in echelon preserving direction. 
Front take distance, March, Class, Halt. 
"Number one of each four marches straight to the front, 
Number two marches off as soon as Number one has ad- 
vanced the specified number of steps (two paces). Num- 
bers three and four move off in succession in like manner. 
The proper distance being attained, Class, Halt, is given." 
(U. S. A.) 

Note — The above strictly military method may well be 
varied. It is simpler to assign a number of steps to Num- 
bers one, two, three, say six, four and two steps, respec- 
tively. Number four standing in place, and the others 
start at once at command of March. If space is wanting, 



SCHOOL TACTICS. 41 

three, two, and one steps may be taken; if considerable 
space is available, and bar bells or Indian clubs are to be 
used, the intervals should be increased. 

(a). To form line from above formation. 

Assemble, March. 

Number one stands in place, the other men move for- 
ward and close to their proper places in the line. 
2- To open order backward or forward forming two lines 

at double distance. 
Even numbers one step backward, odd numbers otie step 
forward, March. This may be varied. 

3. To open order after forming column of fours with 
change of direction 

Fours right, March. 

This forms column of fours, from which any of the 
methods of class order from that formation may be ob- 
tained. (See Opening Order from Column of Fours.) 

4. To open order after forming column of fours in same 
direction 

Ttiglit forward, fours right, March. 
Forming column of fours in same direction (See Open- 
ing Order from Column of Fours). 

5. To open order after forming single file. 
Right, Face. 

Forming column at a halt. (For formation, see Open- 
ing Order from Single File.) 
6- To open order after forming in marching column of 

files 

By the right flanh, March. 

Forming single file marching in new direction. (See 
formations under "Opening Order from Single File.") 



42 SCHOOL TACTICS. 

OPENING ORDER FROM SINGLE FILE. 

1. Opening order short distance to right and left form- 
ing two columns at double distance 

Even numbers to right, odd numbers to left, two steps, 
March. 

2. Opening order to right, preserving direction by side 
step. 

Number four stands, number three two steps, number 
two four steps, number one six steps sideways right, March. 

3. Opening order to the right forming echelon facing 
right 

By the right fianh number two two steps, number three 
four steps, number four six steps, March. Number one 
faces to the right and stands fast, the other numbers face 
and march to the right as directed and halt. 

4- To open order after forming column of fours march- 
ing in same direction. 

Form fours, right oblique, March. (For formation see 
Opening Order from Column of Fours.) 

5- To open order after forming column of fours march- 
ing in new direction 

By the right flanh form fours, March. (See cut No. 
10.) 

The first four executes "by the right flank" and marches 
forward, the others follow and execute "by the right flank'' 
on the place where the first four turned and follow them. 

Note. It is a great saving of time as well as an effective 
movement to give a command to open orders to the fours 
as soon as formed, when they come up the floor in open 
order and can be halted at will. 



SCHOOL TACTICS. 



43 



c*^ I 



]* 


^ 


^^ < r-^ 


l. 


^„ 


J^ <- -T— <3^ 


\^ 


•I- 


J>i ,^ — 1— c^ 


f 

H 




Cut Ko. 10. 



Opening Order from Single File. No. 5. 
By the right flank form fours, M.^CH. 



44 SCHOOL TACTICS. 



6. To open order by forming columns of fours and 

marching in new direction. (See cut No. 11.) 

Fours column right, March. 

Number one turns to the right and leads his four to the 
right. From this formation (which also can be obtained 
by giving the command: By the right flanh, March^ to a 
column of fours) the following methods of opening order 
can be used: 

(a) Give separate order Halt for number four first, 
then numbers three, two, and one, ia order, when the class 
has marched a sufficient distance forward. 

(h) Command Halt. Then open order sideways or 
forward by any method desired. 



SCHOOL TACTICS. 45 



•* •* c«s '^ 

•I ^ -I 4 



-<r 



•s CQ G«^ ^ 

^ ^ ^ u 



9i* 






«>. 0^ o^ \^ / 

^ -I \ ^, ^ 

Cut No. 11. 

Opening Order from Single File. ITo. 6. 
Fours, column right, March. 



4g SCHOOL TACTICS. 



7. To open ranks Iq tlie right in fours. (See cnt No. 12.) 
Fours open ranks right obliquely forward, arms length 
distance, March. 

On command March, number one stands fast, the 
others oblique to the right, number four being furthest out, 
until all are even with number one and at arms* length 
distance from each other facing to the front. 



SCHOOL TACTnCS. 



n 




94 



&i 



9^ 




n 



(^ 



9) 



>f. C«^ «^ 

Cut No. 12. 

Opening Order from Single File. No. 7. 
Fours open ranks obliquely, forward, arms length 
distance, March. 



48 SCHOOL TAcmcs. 

OPENING OEDEE FEOM COLUMN OF FOUES. 

1 . To open order to one side. 

(a) To the right take intervals, March. 
*^At the command march^ the man at the left flank 
stands fast; the other men face to the right and step off, 
each man halting faced to the front when he has the proper 
interval." (U. S. A.) (The proper military interval is 
two paces, ^"^four paces when armed.") 
To regain column of fours. 
{a) To the left assemhle, Maech. 
^^The man on the left flank stands fast, the others close, 
reversing the previous formation." (U. S. A.) 

2. To open order to both sides. 

{a) Open order from center double arms* length 

distance, March. 

Numbers one and two side step to the right, numbers 

three and four to the left, raising both arms. When hands 

do not touch neighbors' hands, stand and drop arms to the 

side. 

3. Tc open order to both sides by encircling. 

(a) By encircling rear numbers two and tliree six 
steps open order, March. 
Numbers one and four remain standing. Number two 
faces three-eighths turn to the right, number three three- 
eighths turn to the left, and in six steps passing rear form 
to the side of numbers one and four, respectively, in a 
straight line. This can also be done with one-eighth turn, 
passing to the front, by the command — Bi/ encircling front, 
etc. 

4. To open order to the front. 



SCHOOL TACTICS. ^9 

Front take distance, March. 

Or other methods mentioned under '^Opening order from 
line." 

TRANSFORMATIONS. 
Changing from Line to Column and from Column to Line. 

In addition to the regular military tactics, there are 
many ways of transforming the rank and file for educa- 
tional and exhibition work. 

These tactics are not based on the military code, but are 
nevertheless useful for gymnastic purposes. Under this 
heading we make the following subdivisions : From a line 
or column, transformations by 

1. Obliquing. 

2. Following. 

3. Right angles. 

4. Evading. 
!5. Encircling, 



50 
1. 



(a) 



SCHOOL TACTICS. 

By obliquing from a line. 




■i -\ -{ -\ 



Form left ohliquely forward, ^Iarch. (Four counts.)' 
This can also be executed to rear, 
(b) By obliquing from column. 




Form to left oUiquehj forward, March. (Four counts.) 




(c) Form to right and left alternatdy ohliquely for- 
ward, March. (Foux counts) 



SCHOOL TACTICS. 



51 



Combinations : 




(a) Form to the left obliquely forward and form right 
in front obliquely forward, March. (Eight counts.) 



2 (a) With following. 



(From column.) 
Z 3 4 




Form to the right forward following , Mahch. 

Number one remains standing, number two executes 
right face marches one step forward, executes left face, 
takes one step forward, and forms to the right of number 



52 SCHOOL TACTICS. 

one. N'umber three follows number two, taking one step 
more in direction of first turn and then forms next to num- 
ber two. Xumber four adds one step in each direction. 

(b) Form in front passing right, following, Makch. 



3 
2 
1 
Z 
3 



Number one remains standing. Numbers two, three and 
four proceed as above. 4" 3 Z 



3. By right angles from line. 



H H H 

-H 



(a) Form riglit in front at right angles, March. 



SCHOOL TACTICS. 53 

dumber one remains standing. Numbers two, three and 
four take as many steps forward as they are number in line, 
execute right face, and with the same number of steps for- 
ward again and a left face form in front of number one. 
(Eight counts.) 



/ 

3 

4- 



J 



(b) Form to the right forward at right angles, Maech. 



4. (a) By evading from line. 



^ 



Form right in rear closing step evading forward, March, 



54 



SCHOOL TACTICS. 



Number one steps forward three steps. Number two 
steps right sideways, closes left, then takes another step 
right sideways and steps forward in direction of number 
one with left foot. Others follow, all beginning with 
right foot. 

(b) By evading from column. 

^ 

A 



Form to right forward evading left sideways. Cross* 
step, March. All begin with left foot. 

5. (a) By encircling from line forming line. 



\ X 



A 



4^ 3 Z 2 Z 3 4^ 

Form to right hy encircling front, March. 

Number one remains standing, numbers two, three and 
four execute an eighth turn right and in a semicircle form 
to the right of number one. On arriving at place they 
face three-eighths face left to a line on the ball of the 
right foot, closing with left foot. All begin with left foot. 



SCHOOL TACTICS. 

(b) By encircling from line to a column. 



55 




Form right in rear encircling front, March. 

Number one remains standing, number two, three, four 
execute an eighth turn right and in arc encircle number 
one, passing front, form in rear of number one and face as 
number one. 



56 



SCHOOL TACTICS. 



CLASS FORMATIONS FOR ELEMENTARY 
SCHOOLS 

Class formation in the elementary scliools is a distinct 
problem on account of the supreme importance of saving 
time. Every moment is needed for the gymnastic lesson 
proper. On this score all formations based on "counting 
off" are debarred. Where the usual number of absentees is 
not large enough to make it objectionable, permanent num- 
bers may be assigned, and the simpler of the formations al- 
ready described used. 

As variety, rather than uniformity, is desirable, the 
methods here given are intended to be merely suggestive. 
Conditions vary greatly, and each case must be considered 
on its own merits. The way that is most direct and ef- 
fective, under the special conditions, is the one to be chosen. 
The chief considerations are : Xumber and age of pupils ; 
shape and size of the room ; location and number of appar- 
atus racks; location of entrances. Attention to these and 
other details may reveal some plan that is particularly well 
adapted to each school. 

There should be at least two racks for apparatus, one on 
each side of the entrance to the gymnasium. These should 
be unlocked for the entire period in each half-day session in 
which the gymnasium is in use. 

"Sizing" should be accomplished as line places are taken 
in the classroom (when no change of costume is made), or 
upon the command Fall In"^ when pupils assemble in the 
gjmnasium. It is frequently possible to take advantage of 



SCHOOL TACTICS. 57 

the existencG of ^^sized" rows of pupils as they sit in the 
classroom, as for Formations 2 and 6. (See below.) 

Double rank is preferred as being speedier and giving a 
shorter line to oversee. It is necessary to use the single file 
formation in case there is only one apparatus rack. 
Apparatus should be taken from, and returned to, the 
last, not the first, place in tlie rack that the pupil passes. 
The lines should be reversed in leaving the gymnasium, so 
that each piece of apparatus may be returned to its own 
place. This is imperative only when the pieces of apparatus 
vary in size. Apparatus should be carried in a designated 
noiseless way until the instant of being returned quietly to 
place. Where there is but one rack, the distribution of some 
apparatus, as wands or bar bells, may be facilitated by sup- 
plying several monitors to hand them out as the class 
marches to place. 

The marching in hallways and on stairs is a part of the 
lesson, and should be as perfect as possible. 

The formal commands may be omitted, and the process of 
going upon the floor reduced to a routine procedure. The 
columns will usually cover leaders, securing a correct align- 
ment from front to rear ; the ranks will dress right or left 
upon the designated or usual guide. The interval between 
the leaders of columns and between the guides may be left 
to their individual judgment, or it may be corrected by 
'taking distance" in one of several ways. 

It is possible to execute all the movements of these for- 
mations in double time, and it is suggested that it be tried 
as soon as a class is proficient in the formation in quick 
time. 



5g SCHOOL TACTICa 



FOEMATIONS. 

f. By threes (fours, etc.), form columns, March. (See 
cut N'o. 1.) 

The leader of each of the two lines, which are marching 
down the middle of the floor toward the rear of the room, 
executes a column right or left away from the center, the 
next two units following the leader. All six stop and face 
the front after gaining the necessary interval. They are 
the leaders of the columns. The other pupils execute the 
same maneuver in successive threes, after passing byond 
the first three. 

This formation is equally effective for single rank. 
To Assemble. 

Assemble, March. 

All face outward and, following the leaders, form lines. 





SCHOOL TACTICS. 


69 




s 

5. Maze runs ISTos. 1 and 2 may be used to 1 

place pupils in position on the floor, "J ^ 
the command Halt being given when 
they are in proper position. 

-I" 


J ©Q 


N 


h h ^ 


h ^ 1- 1- K 


J ^ 

J 


J 


(^ y^ ^ 

N 


1- K h K 




> 




J®J 


J«^ 


-1' 


Cut No. 1. ■ 

By threes form columns, Map.ch. 


N 


4- 



QQ SCHOOL TACTICS. 



2 (a). Form columns of sixes (sevens, etc.), March. 
(See cut No. 2.) 

Marching down the side of the room the leader of the first 
six turns across at the back of the room, and then executes 
a column right or left toward the front. The leader of each 
of the other sixes executes a similar movement, turning to- 
ward the front at a proper interval from tlie six in front of 
his. 

For this formation pupils should be "sized" in sixes. The 
rows of pupils as they sit at desks in the class room should 
be utilized when it is possible ; and in this case the pupils 
should leave the class room with the row on the left (or 
the right) side of the room leading. 
To Assemble. 

Assemble, March. 

The pupils close order to the front, and the line first in 
the gymnasium is the first to leave. 



SCHOOL TACTICS. 61 

^ (^^ C^^ ^ ^ '^ 

^^ ^ ^ H H H-A 

N 



s 

S ^ Qs^ <^ ^ ^ ^ 



H 



CO 

CO 



^ ^ ^ H ^H 



eQ eo) ^ V^J ^ 



^^ ^ ^ H -i-s 



I- h F F h I- I- K I- i K 



->- »^ 



^2 SCHOOL TACTIC& 

2 (b). Form line, Maech. 

This formation will place the pupils on the floor in the 
positions corresponding to their seats in the class room, 
as in the preceding formation, and differs from it in order 
that a different method may be used in leaving the class 
room. The pupils in the front seats will become the leaders 
of the columns on the floor; these leave the room at the 
head of the line, followed in turn by those on the second 
row, these in turn by the third, so that the last to leave the 
room are the pupils in the rear instead of tliose at the side 
as in the previous formation. 

On entering the gymnasium the line proceeds to the rear, 
the leaders march across till they arrive at the proper places 
for their columns, turn to the front and march forward 
abreast, preserving the proper distances. They stop at desig- 
nated points and either halt without command or mark 
time till the command is given. The facing and stepping 
off at the rear of the room may well be done on command 
Face, March^ until they are proficient. 
To Assemble. 

Assemble, Mahch. 

The leaders execute a right flank and march off, the next 
rank marches forward, executes a right flank on the same 
ground and follow ; the others proceed similarly. 
3. To form lines of fours, fives, etc., from single rank. 

By the right flank form column of fours, March. 

(See cut No. 10, page 43.) 

At the command March, the first four executes a right 
flank and steps off in the new direction ; the next four con- 
tinues to march until it can execute the right flank on the 



SCHOOL TACTICS. ^3 

same ground as the first four; it then executes the right 
flank and follows the first four. After the fours have ob- 
tained their positions on the floor, it will be necessary to 
open order. (For methods see "Opening Order From Col- 
umn of Fours/^ page 48.) 
To Assemble. 

In fours by the right flanh, March, 

The leading four executes a right flank and marches off, 
the other fours march forward and execute a right flank' on 
the same ground following the first four. 
4. From one or more columns in single rank. 

Forward at two (three, etc), paces, column countermarch 
left and right alternately, March. 

The leader executes a countermarch left; the next pupil 
countermarches right, and so on alternately. When the 
number of paces is included in the command, the designated 
number of steps will be taken outward away from the orig- 
inal line, instead of the usual one step. 
To Assemble. 

Forward (at two paces, etc.), column, countermarch left 
and right alternately, March. 

Single rank is found by executing the appropriate column 
countermarch left or right. 

Note. See definitions of column and rank, and descrip- 
tion of countermarch. 



MAZE RUNNING HGURES 




m 



No. I 



m¥' 



'^\r\j 



No. 5 



No. 2 



an 



lAJ 



InJ 




No. 6 



No. 3 





No. 4 



No. 7 



MAZE RUNNINa 




No. II 



No. 14 



MAZE RUNNING. 



No. 15 ^^^ y^"^ 




.4A** 



No. 18 



No. 22 



MAZE RUNNING. 




^ -Q\/l- 



FINISH y* 




START 



No. 24 




No. 27 



START 




No. 28 










No, 26 



No. 29 



SPALDING ATHLETIC LIBRARY 



Children's Games 



RULES FOR PLAYING 



COMPILED BY 



JESSIE H. BANCROFT 

Director of Physical Training 

Department of Education, New York City 

Borough of Brooklyn 



From tKe Syllabus issued by the Board of Education for the 
Public Schools of the Borough of Brooklyn, New York City. 



To which have been added Rules for Games compiled 
for the New York Girls* Public Schools Athletic League 
Handbook (Edited by Elizabeth Burchenal, B.L., Executive 
Secretary and Instructor of Athletics) and other sources. 



PUBLISHED BY 

AMERICAN SPORTS PUBLISHING COMPANY 

21 WARREN STREET. NEW YORK 

o mm 

Copyright, 1915, by American Sports Publishing Companyo 



SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY* 



RULES FOR GAMES 



RECESS GAMES 

i he games here described are intended for use at recesses, and all 
but the team games have been adapted to large classes. While it is 
desirable that all the players should have a maximum of physical 
activity, it has been found that some games, which keep only a few 
of the players running at once, are of important service for mental 
hygiene, through their power of holding the voluntary attention. 
Indeed, the interest of the children has been made one test of the 
success of the games. 

As many school yards do not admit of large numbers playing at 
once, most schools using the games have organized the recesses so 
that one or two classes occupy each yard at a time. The best plan is 
undoubtedly that by which two classes of boys and two of girls go to 
their respective yards for recess at one time, play the games for ten 
or fifteen minutes, and as they return pass four other classes going 
down. By this method twenty-four classes can each have a recess of 
ten minutes in an hour, or a recess of fifteen minutes in an hour and 
a half. 

It is always desirable that the teachers should play with the 
children. The outdoor exercise and the interest of the games are 
hygienic for the teachers as well as for the pupils, not to mention 
other advantages from their sympathy and presence. 

The grades mentioned with each game are not intended to limit the 
game to those grades, but merely to indicate where they have been 
found most successful and interesting to the children. There is no 
reason why the games should not be played in other grades than 
those mentioned. 



Spalding's athletic library. 71 

BALL GAMES 



CENTRE BASE 

Third to Eighth Year. 
(Upper primary and all grammar grades.) 
The players form a ring ; one player stands in the centre holding 
the ball. He tosses it to some player, who must catch it, place it in 
the centre of the circle, and at once chase the one who threw it. 
The one who threw it runs out of the circle and tries to return and 
touch the ball before being tagged, If he is tagged he rejoins the 
circle, and the other player throws the ball. If he is not tagged 
before returning to the ball, he throws again. 

CATCH BALL 

Third to Eighth Year. 
(Upper primary and all grammar grades.) 
The players form a circle with one in the center, who throws the 
ball in the air, and calls the name of someone in the circle as he does 
so. The one called tries to catch the ball before it reaches the 
ground. If he catches it he returns to the circle ; if he does not 
catch it, he exchanges places with the one in the center and throws 
the ball. 

CIRCLE CATCH BALL 
Third to Eighth Year. 
(Upper primary and all grammar grades.) 
Form a circle with six to eight feet between the players. Toss the 
ball in one direction from one player to the next. The first player 
who fails to catch the ball steps into the centre and throws it to some- 
one in the circle. It is then tossed promiscuously from one to 
another, so as to elude the one in the centre, who tries to catch it. If 
he is successful, the one toward whom it was aimed takes his place 
in the centre. 



"- SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

PASS BALL 

Fourth to Eighth Year. 
(First and second primary and all grammar grades.) 
Form a circle with the feet in straddle position, touching the feet 
of the adjacent players, so as to form a barricade for the ball. One 
player stands in the centre and tries to roll the ball out of the circle, 
between the feet of the players; the latter roll it back with their 
hands. If it passes between a player's feet, or he moves his feet to 
stop it, he exchanges places with the one in the centre. 

HAND BALL 

Fourth to Eighth Year. 
(Upper primary and all grammar grades.) 
The players are divided into two teams of from one to five each. 
On a wall free from obstacles, draw a line three feet and a half above 
the ground. On the ground or floor, draw a line parallel to the wall, 
and ten feet distant. Draw lines at the sides to mark the outer edge 
of the court on the side of the wall and on the floor. One player 
bounces the ball on the ground and strikes it on the bound with the 
open palm of the hand, so as to bound it against the wall. When it 
has bounced back from the wall, or rebounded from the ground after 
touching the wall, or before it touches the ground, a player of the 
opposite side strikes it against the wall. One of his opponents must 
strike it next. The ball is thus struck alternately by one of each 
side until a failure is made. A failure consists in missing the ball, 
striking it against the wall below the chalk line, letting the ball 
touch the ground outside the court, or not striking it until after the 
second bounce. When any such failure is made it scores one for the 
opposite side. The game consists of ii or 21 points. 

FIST BALL 

Fifth to Eighth Year. 

(All grammar grades.) 

Mark off two large courts and draw a liae, or, if possible, stretch a 

rope head high, through the centre. Divide the players into equal 

sides occupying the two courts. The ball is served; that is, put into 

play, by a player in one court, who bounces it, and then bats it with 



SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. "3 

the hand over to the other court. The ball may bounce once and 
then must be returned, or it may be returned before it bounces, ex- 
cept immediately after a serve. The point is lost by the side not 
returning it, or returning it from outside of the opposite court. Each 
side serves alternately, the players taking turns. The game should 
be played with both hands, and may be made more difficult by for- 
bidding the bounce, except in serving. The number of players is 
limited only by the space at disposal. Twenty-five points make a 
game. When there are many players, each court should be sub- 
divided into six or more spaces, each to be occupied by certain play- 
er*, who cannot go out of their own space. 

ARCH BALL 

Fourth to Eighth Year. 
(Upper primary and all grammar grades.) 
Players stand in two or more lines, single file, players about two 
feet apart. The leader throws the ball backward overhead to the 
player behind. If the ball falls to the ground, the one who failed to 
catch it must pick it up and return to his position in the line, before 
throwing it. The last one in the line runs to the front with the ball, 
takes his place at the head of the line, and begins over again. The 
line wins whose leader first gets back to the front. 

TEACHER 

Second to Fourth Year. 

(Fifth to first primary grades.) 

Players stand in a line, all facing one, the teacher. The latter 

throws the ball to each in turn. Each one missing goes to the foot of 

the line, and the one at the head of the line takes the teacher's place 

when the teacher misses. The action should be as rapid as possible. 

CAPTAIN^S BALL 

Fourth to Eighth Year. ^ 

(Upper primary and all grammar grades.) 
The playing space is divided into two equal parts by a line across 
the centre; in each part a series of small rings is arranged in a circle, 
equal distances apart. The captain's place is in one of these rings, 
near the centre of the dividing line. 



I 

74 SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

There may be from eight to sixteen players on each side, exclusive 
of the captain. Half of these players stand in the small rings on 
their own side, and each must remain in his own ring. The captain 
also remains in the place marked ofif for him. The other players, 
called runners, run about between the rings and the dividing line, on 
the opposite side from their captain and circle men, and try to catch 
the ball from the opposing team and throw it across the line to one of 
their own men. The object of the game is to pass the ball entirely 
around one of the circles without its being caught by the runners who 
seek to gain possession of it. 

The teacher starts the ball in the centre, and the runners take it 
and try to throw it to their captain or one of their circle men. One 
point is scored every time the captain makes a fair catch. Two 
points are scored when the ball passes entirely around the circle of 
one side. It is a foul if (i) the ball is kicked; (2) to run with the 
ball; (3) if a player steps over the dividing line; (4) if a circle man 
steps out of his circle. One point is scored by the opposite side 
whenever a foul is made. After each point is scored the ball comes 
back to the centre to be again started. 

DRIVE BALL 

Fourth to Eighth Year. 
(First and second primary and all grammar grades.) 
A court about thirty feet by twenty is divided to form two courts, 
each a little wider than it is long and each occupied by a team of 
players. A goal about two by three feet is marked at the rear end of 
each court, the object of each team being to get the ball into the 
opposite goal. Each team has a captain, who stands at the middle 
of the dividing line, and is responsible for the discipline of his team; 
a guard, whose duty it is to keep the ball from the goal, and who 
stands in the goal, and from six to twelve players, each assigned a 
certain spot, marked as his territory, and from which he cannot move 
more than two feet. At no time can the players do mass work. To 
start the game the ball is placed between the captains on the dividing 
line. At a signal from the umpire each captain hits the ball with his 
fist; the ball is then kept going back and forth, hit always with the 
fist. To put the ball into play at any time after it has been caught, 



SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 75 

or Otherwise stopped, it may be bounced or thrown from one hand, 
and then hit with the fist. Kicking the ball, holding it, throwing it 
with both hands, or crossing the dividing line, are fouls, and count 
one point for the opposite side. Each goal made counts two for the 
side making it. When a goal is made, the ball is again started from 
the centre. If the ball hits the fence or wall back of the goal, and 
bounds into the goal, it counts a goal. 

The game is played in three rounds of fifteen minutes each, with a 
rest of five minutes between. The teams change courts for succes- 
sive rounds. 

BASKET BALL 
Fifth to Eighth year. 
(All grammar grades.) 
This game should be played only by pupils known to be in go/od 
physical condition. 

Teams. 
Teams may consist of five, seven or nine members, according to the 
size of the field of play. 

Officials. 
The officials shall consist of a Referee and a Scorer. 

Referee. 
The teacher shall act as referee, and shall put the ball into play by 
tossing it up in the centre of the field, and shall judge of the ball and 
the players during the progress of the game. 

Scorer. 
The scorer should be appointed by the captain of the home team 
and he should keep the record of the game in full view of the players 
and spectators. 

Captains. 
Captains should be appointed by each team, to represent the team 
in any disputes and to toss for goals; he should be responsible for 
team discipline. 

Rules f&r Game, 
I. The game is started by tossing the ball in the centre of the field, 
at the beginning of each half, after each goal, or at any time when 
the ball goes out of play. The ball must first be touched by one of 
the centre men after it has been tossed up by the referee. 



76 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

2. The ball may be batted or thrown in any direction. It may be 
hit with the open hand only. To strike it with the fist or to kick it 
constitute fouls. It may be thrown with one or both hands- The 
ball maybe "dribbled;" that is, bounced on the floor and struck 
immediately with one hand. After •' dribbling," the player must 
tlirow the ball to someone else to make a goal. 

3. The ball may be batted with one open hand downward out of 
the hands of an opponent. To strike, pull or wrench the ball out of 
the hands of an opposing player constitutes a foul. 

4. A player may intercept the ball when thrown from or to an 
opposing player, but he must not run with the ball if caught, or keep 
it in his possession over five seconds. 

5. There shall be no tackling, holding, pushing or interfering with 
the person of an opposing player in any way. To do so is a foul. 

6. A goal is made when the ball is thrown or batted from the field 
into the basket. 

7. A goal made from between the centre lines shall count three 
points; a goal made from between the centre and end lines counts 
two points. When a foul is made and sustained by a referee, the 
offended side may claim one point, or a throw for the basket from 
any point of the field at least twenty feet from the basket. A goal 
made from a foul shall count two points. If the goal is not made, 
the ball is in play, and the one point is not allowed. 

8. When the ball goes out of bounds the first player who touches it 
must throw it into the field at right angles to the boundary line which 
it has crossed. 

9. When there is any dispute as to whom the ball belongs, the 
referee shall toss it from where it was held, if within the field; or 
just beyond the boundary lines, if held by players outside. The ball 
then belongs to the disputant touching it first. 

ID. The game shall consist of halves of ten or fifteen minutes each, 
with a rest of ten or more minutes between the halves. The teams 
should change fields at the end of the first half. 

II. If either side tries to delay the game, the referee may take 
the ball from the offending side, and allow the other side a throw for 
goal, under the same conditions as prescribed for a foul. Any ques^ 
tioning of the umpire's decision is a foul. 



SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



77 





Red 

B-7 

• 


o 


Basket 

R-I 

• 




R-3 

• 








B-8 

• 


B-9 

• 








R-2 


R-6 

• 






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B-6 

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B-4 


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R-4 




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B-5 








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R-5 


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78 Spalding's athletic library. 



BEAN BAG GAMES 



BEAN BAG RACE 

Fourth and Fifth Years. 
(First and second primary and seventh and eighth grammar grades.) 
The players stand in lines (about twelve in a line), and bags are 
passed from child to child. Each line should have about ten bags. 
The line wins that finishes first; that is, passes all of its bags to the 
end of the line. The game may be varied by having each child pass 
the bags from one hand to the other before handing it to his neighbor, 
or by raising the bags overhead, or touching them to the floor, first 
with one hand, then with the other, before passing. 

BEAN BAGS IN CIRCLE 

Fourth and Fifth Years. 
(First and second primary and seventh and eighth grammar grades.) 
Children form an irregular circle, all facing inward. The bags 
are tossed from one to another, the. object being to keep the bags 
going. As many bags as possible should be used. 

DUCK ON A ROCK 

Fifth to Eighth Year. 
(All grammar grades.) 
The players decide who shall be «'it" or guard, by throwing their 
bean bags, called '«ducks," at an Indian club placed at a distance of 
about twenty feet, and the one whose bean sack lands nearest the 
mark is "it" or guard. The guard places his duck (bag) on the club, 
and the other players try to knock it off with their ducks, throwing 
in turns from a line fifteen or twenty feet from the stake. As long as 
the guard's duck is not knocked ofif, he may tag anyone who advances 
to recover his duck; whether the duck is recovered or not, the player 
is not safe until back to the throwing line. If the guard's duck is 



Spalding's athletic library. 79 

knocked off, all the ducks may be picked up until the guard places 
his duck on the stake. The guard must continue to be guard until 
he has tagged someone, and even then must get his own duck and 
run to the throwing line before the player tagged can get his duck 
on the stake. The distance of throwing line or "home" from the 
stake may be increased, to add to the interest of the game. 

SLING SHOT 

Fourth and P^ifth Years. 
(First and second primary and seventh and eighth grammar grades.) 
Form a large circle. One player stands in the centre and whirls 
a rope, with a bean bag on the end, under the feet of those in the 
circle, who jump as it comes to them. Whoever is caught by the rope 
must exchange places with the one in the centre. 

BEAN BAG BOARD 

Fourth to Eighth Year. 
(First and second primary and all grammar grades.) 
An inclined board, having two holes, the lower one about the size 
of the bean bags, the upper one a little larger, is placed ten feet from 
the throwing line. Each player has five bags. Bags thrown into the 
larger hole count five, those thrown into the smaller count ten. The 
player scoring the greatest number of points wins. 

BEAN BAG BOX 

Fourth to Eighth Year. 
(First and second primary and all grammar grades.) 
Fasten a small box inside of one about twice the size, and that in a 
Aird, leaving at least six inches margin between the boxes. This, 
inclined, is placed ten feet from the throwing line. Each player has 
five bags. Bags thrown into the smallest box count five points, into 
the middle box ten points, and into the outside box fifteen points. 
The player scoring the largest number of points wins. 

ADDITIONAL BEAN BAG GAMES 

The following ball games may also be played with bean bags : Arch 
Ball, Teacher, Centre Base, Catch Ball, Circle Catch Ball. 



80 SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

CIRCLE GAMES 

SKIPAWAY 

Second and Third Years. 
(Third, fourth and fifth primary grades.) 
The children stand in a circle, taking hold of hands. One child, 
who is "it," runs around the outside of the circle, and tags another 
as he runs. The child tagged runs in the opposite direction to the 
first runner. The child who first reaches the place in the circle left 
vacant by the one tagged, wins. The one left out becomes runner. 

SLAP JACK 

Second and Third Years. 
(Third, fourth and fifth primary grades.) 
Same as above, except that when the two who are running meet, 
they must stop and shake hands, or courtesy. 

NUMBERS CHANGE 

Third and Fourth Years. 
(First, second and third primary grades.) 
The children are numbered and stand in a circle. The child who 
is " it " stands in the centre and calls two numbers. The children 
whose numbers are called must change places, while the child who is 
••it" tries to get one of their places. The child who is left without 
a place becomes " it." 

SLAP CATCH 

First to Fourth Year. 

(Sixth to first primary grades.) 

The children stand in a circle, holding both hands out in front, 

palms down. A child in the centre, who is "it." trys to tag the 

hands of children in the circle, who may move their hands sideways, 

or bend their wrists, but may not draw the hand away. When a child 

is tagged, he changes places with the child in the centre. 



Spalding's athletic library. 81 

SQUAT TAG IN A CIRCLE 

First to Fourth Year. 
(All primary grades.) 
One child stands in the centre of the circle, and tries to tag 
someone in the circle, who must "squat" to avoid being caught. If 
tagged before he squats, he must take his turn in the centre. 

DROP THE HANDKERCHIEF 

Second and Third Years. 
(Third, fourth, fifth and sixth primary grades.) 
A child holding a handkerchief runs around the outside of the 
circle and drops the handkerchief behind someone. The child behind 
whom the handkerchief is dropped tries to catch the first child before 
he gets to the vacant place in the circle. If caught, he must be " it " 
again ; if not, the second child is " it." 

FOX AND FARMER 

Third and Fourth Years. 
(First, second, third and fourth primary grades.) 
The children form a circle, the one chosen as "fox" standing in 
the centre, and the "farmer" standing outside the circle. The 
farmer sees the fox in his vineyard, and says, "What are you doing 
in my vineyard?" The fox answers, " Stealing grapes." The farmer 
says, " I'll send my dog after you," and the fox says, " I don't care if 
you do." Then the fox runs in and out between the children in the 
circle, the farmer following in exactly the same track. If caught, 
the fox goes to his place, and another is chosen ; if not caugiit, 
another farmer is chosen and the fox may be fox again. 

THREE DEEP; OR, THIRD MAN 

Fourth to Eighth Year. 

(First and second primary and all grammar grades.) 

The players arrange themselves in two circles, one circle within the 

other, the players some distance apart from side to side and each one 

in the outer circle immediately behind the one in the inner circle; 



82 SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

all face inward. Two extra players, for whom there is no place in 
the circle, stand on the outside as chaser and runner. The latter 
may save himself from the chaser by standing in front of any two 
players (z. <?., inside the circle), thus making a line three deep. He 
then is safe ; but the outer one of the three is then '• third man," and 
may be tagged. To save himself, he must run and take a place in 
front of another couple, but not the couple adjacent to him on either 
side. If a player is tagged, he becomes chaser, and the one who 
tagged him the runner. The game may be varied by having the two 
circles face each other, with a space between them for running. The 
runner, in seeking refuge, places himself between two players, and 
the one toward whom he turns his back may be tagged. 

The runners and chasers may dash through the circle, but must not 
pause in it, except when the runner takes refuge. 

CAT AND RAT 

Third and Fourth Years. 
(First, second, third and fourth primary grades.) 
The players form a circle with hands clasped. One is chosen for 
cat, who stands outside of the circle and tries to catch another in the 
centre, who is the rat. The children forming the circle try to help' 
the rat by raising their hands to let him run under them, but try to 
keep the cat from breaking through the circle. When the rat is 
caught he joins the circle, the cat becomes rat, and a new cat is 
chosen. 

HAVE YOU SEEN MY SHEEP? 

Third and Fourth Years. 
(First, second, third and fourth primary grades.) 
The players form a circle. One player walks around the outside, 
and touching someone on the back, says, ' ' Have you seen my sheep ? " 
The one questioned answers, " How was he dressed?" The dress of 
some player is then described, who, when he recognizes himself, 
must run around the outside of the circle and try to reach his own 
place before he is tagged by the questioner. If tagged, he is "it," 
and the questioner takes his place in the circle. 



SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



MISCELLANEOUS GAMES 



TOMMY TIDDLER^S GROUND 

Third Year. 
(Third and fourth primary grades.) 
The ground is divided by a line into two parts. Tommy Tiddler 
stands on one side of tliis line, the other players on the opposite side. 
The latter venture across the line, saying, "I am on Tommy Tiddler's 
ground, picking up gold and silver." Tommy may tag anyone on his 
ground; anyone so tagged changes places vv^ith him. 

ANIMALS 

Fourth Year. 
(First and second primary grades.) 
Two spaces or pens are marked off in distant corners of the play- 
ground. One player, called the chaser, stands at one side of one 
of these pens; the others are in the pen nearest him. The players 
thus grouped are named for different animals, several of each kind. 
The chaser calls for certain animals, as "sheep" or "bears," etc., 
and all of that name run across to the other pen, the chaser running 
after them. Anyone caught before reaching the pen changes places 
with the centre man or chaser. 

LAME GOOSE 

Fifth Year. 

(Seventh and eighth grammar grades.) 

One of the players, the lame goose, retires to a space marked off as 

den; the others tease him to come out, saying, "Lame goose, lame 

goose, can't catch anybody." Lame goose runs out, but can only 



84 SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

take three steps, when he must hop on one foot, trying to tag the 
others while hopping. All tagged become lame geese. If a lame 
goose puts his foot down while outside the den, after the first three 
steps, the others drive him back. The player last tagged wins the 
game and becomes the first lame goose of the next game. Care 
should be taken that the hopping is not always done on the same foot. 

CHINESE CHICKEN 

Third Year. 

(Third and fourth primary grades.) 

This game is played with small blocks of wood. These are placed 

in one or more rows a short distance apart. The players take turns 

in hopping over these to the end of the line and return picking them 

up. If a block is touched by the foot, or the other foot put down, or 

one of the blocks dropped in gathering them, the player goes to the 

foot of the line. Hopping always on the same foot should be avoided. 

WATER SPRITE 

Third Year. 
(Third and fourth primary grades.) 
Players stand in two lines facing each other with a large open 
space, representing a river between. The water sprite stands be- 
tween and beckons to one to cross. This one signals to one on the 
opposite side, and they run across to exchange places. If tagged by 
the water sprite, the water sprite and the one tagged exchange places. 

HILL DILL 

Third Year. 
(Third and fourth primary grades.) 
One player, who is "it," stands between two parallel lines of play- 
ers, and calls "Hill Dill, come over the hill." The players then ex- 
change goals, and as they run across the open space the one in the 
centre tries to tag them. Any who are tagged assist him in tagging 
the others. 



SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 85 

THE HUNT 

Fourth Year. 
(First and second primary grades.) 
The ground is marked oflF as for Hill Dill, with two parallel lines 
at opposite ends of tlie ground, each separating a goal from a wide 
space in the centre. The players are called by names or animals, as 
in the game of that name, and dodge across the open space to the 
opposite goal as their names are called by the hunter, who stands in 
the centre. The first one caught helps the hunter to catch the others. 
The second one caught takes the place of the first, who either goes 
back to the animals or is put in a space called the cage, to wait until 
the game is over. 

RED ROVER; OR, RED LION 

Fifth to Eighth Year. 
(All grammar grades.) 
One player, Red Lion, stands in a den. The others venture near 
to him, calling : 

" Red Lion, Red Lion, come out of your den ; 
Whoever you catch will be one of your men." 

He runs out and tries to catch one. The first one caught joins 
hands with him, and together they try to catch others, each captive 
being added to his line. If the line is broken all must go back to the 
den, and the Red Lion starts a new line. 

LAST PAIR PASS 

Fifth to Eighth Year. 
(All grammar grades.) 
Players stand in twos, one behind the other. One, who is catcher, 
stands in front, with his back to the others, and calls, "Last couple 
out!" when the last two in the line run around to the front and 
endeavor to join hands before they are tagged by the catcher. They 
must run up on opposite sides of the line, and must join hands beyond 
the catcher. The one tagged becomes catcher ; his partner joins the 
previous catcher and they take their places as first couple in the line. 
The catcher must not look behind him when the last couple run out. 



86 Spalding's athletic library. 

GATHERING STICKS 

Fourth to Eighth Year. 
(First and second primary and all grammar grades.) 
The ground is divided into two equal parts, with a small goal 
marked off at the rear of each part, in which six sticks are placed. 
Each player who reaches the enemy's goal safely may carry one stick 
back to his own goal, and may not be caught while carrying it back. 
If caught before reaching the opposing goal, he must remain a prisoner 
in the goal until touched by one of his own side ; neither may be 
caught while returning. No stick may be taken by a side while any 
of its men are prisoners. The game is won by the side gaining all of 
ihe sticks. 

PRISONER'S BASE— I 

Fourth to Eighth Year. 

(First and second primary and all grammar grades.) 

Divide the ground into two equal parts, with a small base or prison 

marked off at the farther end of each division. From five to twelve 

players guard each side. They venture into the enemy's ground, and, 

if caught, are put into the prison, where they must remain until 

tagged by one of their own side who is free. Both prisoner and 

rescuer can be tagged and brought back to prison before reaching 

their own ground. The game is won when a free man enters the 

opponent's prison, but this can only be done when there are no 

prisoners there. 

PRISONER'S BASE— n 

Fifth to Eighth Year. 

(Grammar grades.) 

A large goal is marked off at each end of the ground, with a small 

base or prison adjoining the forward right-hand corner. The wide 

open space between the goals is neutral territory. The object of the 

game is to enter the opponents' goal. The entrance of one player 

means victory for his side. As one player advances for this purpose, 

or give a "dare," the opponents send out a player to tag him, when 

the first side immediately sends out a second player to " cover " or 

protect the darer by trying to tag his opponent. The opponents* side 



SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 87 

then sends out a second player to "cover" their first one. He is at 
liberty to tag either of the other two players. In this way any or all 
of the players may be out at one time, though it is unwise to leave 
the goal unguarded. Any player may tag any of the men from the 
opposite side who left their goal before he did, but none wlio came 
out after he did. Whenever a player returns to his home goal, which 
he may do at any time, the man who went out to cover him must re- 
turn also, and of course the man who went out to cover this second 
one, etc. 

Any player caught (tagged) is placed in the opponents' prison 
(••prisoner's base "), where he must remain until rescued by one of 
his own side. The prisoner may reach as far out of the prison as 
possible, so long as one foot is within it. He and his rescuer cannot 
be tagged while returning home, but the rescuer may be tagged 
before he touches the prisoner. One rescuer may free only one 
prisoner at a time. 

Much finessing is possible by engaging the enemy on one side of 
the ground, while a good runner is held in reserve to dash into the 
enemy's goal on the other side. 

Each side should have a captain to maintain discipline, take general 
direction of the game, and decide with the opposing captain any dis- 
puted points. 

In organizing the teams the two captains are elected, and they then 
take turns in choosing men for their teams. 

This game is more complicated than the one of the same name pre- 
viously described. It is well for beginners to start with the first 
game. 

RELAY RACE-SINGLE 
(Fourth primary to first grammar grades.) 

The children stand in two or more lines at one end of the ground. 
The first one of each line, carrying a flag or handkerchief, races to 
the opposite end of the ground, touches the fence or wall with the 
flag, and runs back, handing the flag to number two, and passing to 
the rear of the line. Number two starts immediately, and upon re- 
turning hands the flag to number three, etc., until all have run. The 
line whose last man returns first wins the race. 



88 SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

Those at the head of the line whose turn it is to run next must 
stand with the toe on the line, but not beyond it. They cannot ad- 
vance to meet the returning racer. 

If the flag is dropped, the one dropping it must return and pick it 
up before continuing the race. Anyone not touching the terminal 
wall, must go back and touch it before finishing the race. 

It is well for each line to have a captain to see that rules are ob- 
served, and there should be an umpire to decide which line wins. 

RELAY RACE-DOUBLE 

Fourth and Eighth Years. 
(First and second primary and all grammar grades.) 
The general idea of this game is the same as in the above. The 
lines face each other from opposite ends of the ground. There should 
be at least four lines. Instead of touching the goal or terminal wall, 
each racer hands the flag to the leader of the line facing him, and 
passes to the rear of that line. The leader who thus gets the flag 
runs to the line facing him, from which number one came, and passes 
to the rear of that line. Each player thus runs only in one direction, 
instead of in two, as in the single relay race. This variation of the 
game is adapted to a very limited yard area and large classes. 

STRADDLE CLUB 

Fourth to Eighth Year. 

(Upper primary and all grammar grades.) 

Players stand in two or more lines, one behind another, with the 

feet apart in straddle position. At a signal the leaders of the lines 

each slide an Indian club between the feet, from the front toward the 

rear of the lines ; the last one in each line, when he receives the club, 

runs with it to the front, takes position at the head of the line, and 

starts it in his turn. The line wins whose leader returns first to the 

front. If the club stops on its way to the rear, the player next whom 

it stops starts it again. If the club is allowed to skip a player, it is 

counted a foul, and must be returned to the player skipped, who thea 

starts it. This game can also be played with a ball. 



Spalding's athletic library. 89 

BELL CHASE 

Fifth and Sixth Years. 
(Fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth grammar grades.) 
The children stand in two lines, facing each other, at a consider- 
able distance. A dumb-bell is placed on the ground in the centre of ^ 
the open space between the lines. The end players opposite each 
other start, upon a signal, to get the bell; the one reaching it f^rst 
must pick it up and return to his place before his opponent can tag 
him If he does this, the opponent becomes his prisoner, and must 
stand behind him. If he is tagged before reaching his place, he be- 
comes the opponent's prisoner, and must stand behind him. 

STEP 

Second to Fifth Year. 
(Fifth primary to seventh grammar grade.) 
The ground is marked off by two parallel lines, a wide distance 
aoart One player, who is "it," stands on one of these lines, with 
Us back to the other players, who start at the other line The one 
who is "if counts ten rapidly, during which time the other players 
approach his line. As he says "Ten." they stand still in whatever 
attitude they may be at the moment; he turns his head quickly and 
calls the name of any player or players whom he sees moving Any 
thus caught moving have to go back to the starting line and begin 
over while the counter repeats the count of ten and the players again 
move forward. The object of the game is to cross the counter s line 
without being seen in motion by him. The last OUC over changes 
places with the counter. 

LADDER 

First Year. 

(Seventh primary.) 

A -Udder," or jumping frame, made of very thin strips of ^o^. 

about two iuches wide, is laid on the ground The chUdren run 

over it. stepping in the open spaces without touchmg 'h-vood later 

they hop throu,> H on both feet; on one foot, and then the other, etc. 



90 Spalding's athletic library, 

JAPANESE TAG 

Third to Eighth Years. 
(Fourth primary to first grammar grade.) 
This is like ordinary tag, except that a player who is tagged must 
place his left hand on the spot touched, whether it be his back, elbow 
or ankle, and in that position must chase the other players. He is 
relieved of his position only when he succeeds in tagging someone 
else. Several players may be "it" at one time. 



SINGING GAMES 

The following kindergarten and other singing games have been 
found especially useful. Many of the circle games are more inter- 
esting for large classes, if two or more circles are formed at once. 
Where space is very limited these may be placed, for some games, 
one inside of another. 

First and Second Years. 
(Fifth, sixth and seventh primary grades.) 
The Snail. 

Let Your Feet Go Tramp, Tramp, Tramp. 
The Cat and Mouse. 

From Merry Songs and Games, by Hubbard. 
"When We're Playing Together. 

From Songs and Gatnes for Little Ones, by Jenks & Walker. 
Looby Loo. — Second year. (Fifth and sixth primary grades.) 
London Bridge. — Third year. (Third and fourth primary grades.) 
Note. — For large classes this game is very successful when 
played with several bridges at once. 
Oats, Peas, Beans. — Third and fourth years. (First, second, third 
and fourth primary grades.) 

Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush.— Third year. (Third and 
fourth primary grades.) 



SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 91 

Round and Round the Village. — Third Year. (Third and fourth 
primary grades.) 

The last five games mentioned are from Children's Singing 
Games, by Willard. 

Also — 

Farmer in the Dell. — Fourth year. (First and second primary 
grades.) 

Did You Ever See a Lassie? — Second year. (Fifth and sixth 
primary grades.) 

I Put My Right Hand In. — First year. (Seventh primary grade.) 

Visiting. — First year. (Seventh primary grade.) 

Marching Game. — First year. (Seventh primary grade.) 



JUMPING ROPE 



Fourth to Eighth Year. 
(Second primary to first grammar grade.) 

I— FOX AND GEESE (LARGE ROPE) 

(a) Rope turned toward jumper. 
(3) Rope turned away from jumper. 

1. Run under (a). 

2. Run under {b). 

3. Run in (a), jump once, run out. 

4. Run in (^), jump once, run out. 

5. Etc., continue to five jumps. 

Repeat in pairs, threes, etc., as long as time allows. The children 
form in line and take turns. The first one to miss "takes an end," 
and the one relieved from turning goes to the end of the line. When 
jumping in pairs, the one relieved takes the place of the one who 
misses. 



92 SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY, 

n— FANCY JUMP (SINGLE ROPE) 

1. Run in (alternate a and b), and jump three times with one of 
the following arm positions : i, hands on hips ; 2, on shoulders ; 
3, on head ; 4. circle arms over head. 

2. Run in (alternate a and ^), and jump three times as follows : 
I, on both feet ; 2, on one foot ; 3, on alternate feet ; 4, rocking step. 

3. Run in (a), turn half around in two jumps and run out on the 
same side ; 2, turn all of the way around in two jumps and run out on 
the opposite side ; 3, run in {b), jump three times ; 4, call somebody 
in on the second jump, jump once together, and run out on opposite 
sides ; 4, run in and jump to five, call someone in on the first jump. 
This player should call someone in on their first jump, etc. There 
will be five in at one time. Run out on opposite sides. 

m— LARGE DOUBLE ROPE-FRENCH ROPE 

.' . Repeat Fox and Geese (I.). 
2. Repeat Fancy Jumps (IF). 

IV. -LARGE, SINGLE AND SMALL INDIVIDUAL ROPES 

(Ropes turn the same way.) 

1. Stand in, jump five times, run out forward. 

2. Run under {a). 

3. Run in, jump five times, run out. 

4. Stand in, jump five times, run out backward. 

5. Run in with individual rope, turning backward; jump three 

times and run cut. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRAET. 



Games for Elementary Schools 

From the Official Handbook, Girls' Public Schools Athletic Leeigue of New York. 

RELAY RACES 

Wherever space permits a good long running distance should 
^e allowed, not to exceed, however, 50 yards (150 feet). 

In all relays there shall be an equal number in the compet- 
ing teams. The start shall be given by three signals: 

1. "On your mark!" (one foot forward to (not 

beyond) the starting line). 

2. "Get ready!" (poise forward). 

3. "Go!" 

It is desirable that each entire club should run as one team. 
When girls below the seventh year are competing with girls 
of the seventh or eighth year, they are to be allowed a 
handicap of not more than one-tenth of the entire distance 
to be run (except in the Pass Ball Relay, where no handicap 
is allowed). The handicap is to be allowed each runner on 
the team. In other words the starting line of the whole 
team to whom the handicap is allowed is set forward at 
both ends of the running distance. 

In shuttle, all-up, potato and hurdle relays if the number be 
very large each club may run a trial heat to pick its quickest 
team to represent the class in the final race. In these two 
events, the "touching off" shall be done with the hands, a girl 
when awaiting the touch ofi should toe the starting line with 
one foot, poise forward and reach one hand directly forward 
as far as possible to meet that of the approaching toucher 
off. No girl except the first runner of the team shall cross 
the starting line until touched off. A foul is counted against 
the team each time one of the members violates the rule. 

If any fouls have been committed the winning team is 
determined by adding the number of fouls committed by 
each team to the number of the order in which they finished, 



94 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LipRART. 

first place being given to the team whose resulting sum is 
lowest. For example: 

Club B — Finished first, plus 2 fouls, equals 3; awarded 

second place. 
Club C — Finished second, plus o fouls, equals 2; awarded 

first place. 
Club A — Finished third, plus 2 fouls, equals 5; awarded 
third place. 
The last runner of each team should be plainly marked 
with a broad band of a brilliant color across the chest or 
around the arm. 

I. SHUTTLE RELAY 
In the Shuttle Relay each competing team shall be divided in 
two equal parts, which shall line up in single file facing each 
other back of the starting lines, drawn at opposite ends of the 
running space. When the competing teams are arranged in this 
way the start shall be made at the usual signal by No. i of each 
team, who shall run forward and touch off No. 2 at the oppo- 
site end. No. 2 shall run forward to touch off No. 3, and so 
on until all have been touched off, when the last girl shall dash 
forward over the finish line. Each girl, after touching off the 
next one, will have finished her part of the race, and shall quickly 
leave the running space and remain out of the way of the re- 
maining runners. She shall not line up again with the runners. 

2. POTATO SHUTTLE RELAY 

Tn this event the competing teams shall be arranged as for the 
Shuttle Relay. Four spots shall be clearly marked two yards 
apart on a direct line in front of each team. The starting line 
at either end shall be five yards back of the first and fourth 
spots respectively. 

On the first spot shall be placed a receptacle (which shall be 
either a pail, basket, box, or can, not over 24 inches in circum- 
ference at the opening), which shall contain three potatoes. 

No. I of each competing team shall start from the line back 
iqf the receptacle, and after placing the potatoes one at a time 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 95 

on the three remaining spots, touch off No. 2, who starting from 
the Hne back of the fourth spot, shall replace the potatoes one 
at a time in the receptacle, and then touch off No. 3. She shall 
then at once leave the running space, not again lining up with 
the team. The race shall continue as in the Shuttle Relay, with 
the difference that the runners alternately place and pick up the 
potatoes. The finish shall be the starting line back of the recep- 
tacle, and shall be crossed by the last runner in each team, after 
her last potato has been replaced. 

Should a runner drop a potato she shall replace it in the 
receptacle before touching another potato ; otherwise a foul shall 
be counted against her team. 

3. ALL-UP RELAY 

The teams shall line up side by side back of the starting 
line, each team in single file. Opposite each team at the 
end of the running space shall be two circles, three feet 
in diameter, side by side and tangent to each other. In one of 
these shall stand three Indian clubs. The start shall be made 
by No. I of each team, who shall run forward and using one 
hand only, shall place the clubs, one at a time, so that they shall 
stand in the other circle. When this is done, she shall call "Ail- 
Up !" and running back, touch off the girl standing first in the 
line. Should clubs fall after a player has left them she shall 
return and set them up again before touching off the next run- 
ner. The player who has just run, having completed her part 
of the race, shall leave the running space and not line up again 
with the runners. This play shall be repeated by each girl in the 
team until all have been touched off, when the last girl, after 
changing the clubs as did the others, shall finish in a dash 
over the line. The use of more than one hand in changing the 
clubs shall constitute a foul. 

4. HURDLE RELAY 

In the Hurdle Relay the teams shall be lined up exactly 
as for Shuttle Relay and the manner of running the race shall 
be exactly the same, except that there shall be from one to 



96 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

three hurdles (according to the length of the course), set up 
in the running space, to be jumped over by each girl during 
her run. 

The distance of a hurdle from the starting or finish line 
shall be thirty feet and if more than one hurdle is used they 
shall be placed twenty-five feet apart, i. e., when one hurdle 
is used, the running distance must be 60 feet; when two are 
used, the running distance must be 85 feet; when three are 
used the distance must be no feet. 

HURDLES shall not be less than 18 inches in height, or 
not more than 2 feet. 

FOULS: The fouls are the same as given for Shuttle 
Relay, with this addition: If a runner should knock over a 
hurdle it shall be counted as a foul against her team, but she 
shall continue her run without stopping, and the hurdle shall 
be immediately set up again in place by some person not 
taking part in the race. 

5. PASS BALL RELAY 

The competing teams shall line up side by side back of the 
finish line, each team in a single file. At the signal "On your 
mark!" No. i of each team shall toe the mark with both feet, 
and the rest of the team shall close up forward as far as pos- 
sible without touching, at the same time straightening the line. 
At the signal "Get ready!" No. i shall raise the ball overhead 
and all of the other players shall raise their hands. The ball 
shall not be touched by any other girl until the word "Go !" 
when it shall be passed backward from hand to hand overhead 
as rapidly as possible. Should the ball be dropped before reach- 
ing the end of the line, the girl immediately back of the last 
girl who touched the ball shall leave the line, pick up the ball, 
return and start it back from the point where it left the line. 
When it reaches the last girl it shall be carried forward by her 
around a given mark at the opposite end of the running space 
and handed, not thrown, to the girl at the end of the team, who 
shall pass it back as before. The girl who has just run shall 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 97 

place herself at the head of the team, toeing the mark. Play- 
ing shall be continued until the girl who was originally No. i 
shall be at the end of the team. When the ball reaches her she 
shall run forward around the given mark, as did the others, and 
finish in a dash over the finish line. 

The finish line shall be a tape (strand of worsted) stretched 
parallel to the starting line and three feet back of the rear of 
the files. Should the space not admit of this the starting line 
may be used as a finish line. The last runner in each team shall 
be plainly marked with a sash diagonally across the breast, to 
aid the judges in distinguishing her from the other runners. 

BASKET BALL THROW 

In this event it is not necessary to have an even number of 
girls in the competing teams as a class average may be taken. 

The girls of each team shall throw in rapid succession, each 
girl having but one trial, unless the ball strike some obstacle 
before touching the ground, when another trial shall be allowed. 

A six-foot circle not a semi-circle, with a heavy line across its 
center, shall be drawn at one end of the throwing space. The 
thrower toes this line and in completing her throw shall not 
fall or step forward out of the circle in front of her. If this 
be done, her throw shall be recorded as zero so that it will 
count against the team in estimating the average. 

The throwing space shall be divided by three cross lines 
measuring from the front of the circle as follows: 

17 feet, 28 feet and 40 feet (for girls below the 7th year). 

22 feet, Z2> feet and 45 feet (for 7th and 8th year girls of 
elementary schools). 

For each throw to the 22 feet (17 feet) or any point between 
it and the next line, a class scores i point; to the ZZ feet (28 
feet), or between it and the next, 3 points; to the 45 feet (40 
feet), or beyond, 5 points. 

The club averaging (if the numbers are not even) or adding 
the largest score shall win first place in the event. With many 
clubs competing it is well to have at least two clubs throwing at 
once so that time may be saved. 



98 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRAHT. 

TEAM GAMES 
I. END BALL 

This game is used as a preparation for Captain Ball. The' practice 
which it gives in throwing, catching, guarding, scoring, the observance 
of rules, and attention to fouls, makes it an admirable training for the 
more complicated game and should be used as a preparation for it. 

.BALL: The ball used in all match games shall be 
an ordinary leather basket ball. 

THE GROUND: The ground is not invariable in dimen- 
sions. A space measuring 30 x 30 feet is sufficient for fhe 
game and the usual size, though a larger space may be used for 
a very large number of players. This space shall be outlined, 
and then divided across the center by a straight line from side 
to side. At either end a narrow goal strip, 3 feet wide, shall be 
made by drawing a second line parallel to the end line. 

For all match games clubs should agree on the dimensions 
of the field, and all preliminary practice should be on the same 
sized field. 

PLAYERS: The players shall be divided into two equal 
teams. One-third of the players of each team shall be basemen, 
and take their places within the goal at one end of the ground; 
the balance of the team shall be guards and stand in the large 
territory in front of the goal on the opposite side of the ground. 
No regular arrangement for the players is required, but they 
should scatter over the field so as not to leave unguarded spaces. 

OBJECT OF THE GAME: The object of the game is for 
the guards on one side to throw the ball over the heads of the 
guards on the opposite side to their own basemen, at the end 
of the opposite field. Each such ball caught by a baseman shall 
score one point for the side catching it. 

The object of the intervening guards is to intercept the ball 
before it can reach the basemen at their rear, and to throw it 
in turn to their own basemen at the rear of the opposite court, 
over the heads of the intervening opponents. 

START: The game shall be started by a referee (usually 
the teacher) putting the ball in play in the center of the aeld. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 99 

This is done by tossing it upward between two opposing guards, 
each of whom shall try to catch it. The one whose hands touch 
it first shall be the possessor of the ball. The guards shall step 
forward in rotation to try for the ball whenever it is put in 
play, so that each guard shall have an opportunity. 

The ball shall thus be put in play after every scoring catch 
by a baseman. When a goal is not made the ball shall remain 
in play. 

SCORE: The ball shall score one point for a team when- 
ever caught by a baseman from a throw from his own guards 
or whenever a baseman gets possession of the ball by its 
rolling into his territory. 

The game shall be played in two halves of 15 minutes each 
(for beginners the half may be 10 minutes, until endurance is 
acquired). There shall be a rest of from 3 to 5 minutes between 
halves. At the beginning of the new half the players shall change 
goals. 

The team shall win which has the highest score at the end of 
the second half. 

FOULS: It shall be a foul for any player to step outside of 
his assigned territory, either over the side lines or into his 
opponent's court. A ball so caught shall not score, and the foul 
shall be punished by the ball being given to the nearest player 
of the opposing team, who shall immediately put it in play by a 
throw to his own basemen or guards. This rule of overstepping 
territory shall apply to both guards and basemen and for one foot 
or both. 

It shall be a foul to carry the ball ; i. e., to take more than one 
step with it. 

It shall be a foul to touch the ball while it is in the hands of 
another player. 

It shall be a foul to hold or push another player. 

A foul shall be punished by the loss of the ball, which shall 
be given to a guard of the opposing team for a fre€ (unob- 
structed) throw. 



100 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRAHY. 

ADDITIONAL RULES: Should a ball roll or be thrown 

beyond the rear boundary line, the baseman nearest the ball shall 
leave his base to secure it, bring it within the line at the point 
where it passed out, and from there throw it to one of the 
guards of his team at the opposite court. A ball that goes over 
the side lines shall similarly be secured by the guard nearest 
where it left the field. 

2. CAPTAIN BALL.* 

BALL: The ball to be used in all match games shall be 

an ordinary leather basket ball. 

GROUNDS: The ground shall be divided by a neutral 
strip, 3 feet wide, in which the ball shall be put in play. To 
enter the neutral strip at other times shall constitute a foul. 

On each side of the neutral strip a series of small bases shall 
be drawn in number, equal to one-quarter of the entire number 
of players. These bases shall be in the form of a circle, 2 feet 
in diameter, or they may be square, measuring 2 feet. 

The series of bases on each side shall outline the arc of a 
circle open to the center, with one base in the middle for the 
captain. The bases in the outer circle shall be not closer than 
6 feet to each other or to the neutral strip separating the fields, 
and not nearer than lo feet to the captain's base. 

PLAYERS: Any even number up to forty may play the 
game. The players of a club shall be divided into two equal 
teams; each team in turn shall be equally divided between base- 
men and guards, the captain being a baseman. 

The basemen shall take their places in the bases on one side 
of the field, and the guards of the same team shall stand near 
the opponents' bases on the opposite side of the field. 

The game shall be played in two halves, and for the second 
half the teams shall change sides, and the basemen and guards 
of each team shall exchange places, basemen becoming guards 
and vice versa. For match games a club shall be represented 
by a picked team. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 101 

OFFICERS: The game shall be in charge of a referee who 

shall call score and fouls and put the ball in play at the close 
of each scoring play, and after each foul. 

The referee may be assisted by an umpire and inspectors, if 
desired, but for other than match games this is not necessary. 

OBJECT OF THE GAME: The main object of the game 
is for the basemen of a team to pass the ball from one to an- 
other, each pass successfully made scoring for the team, as de- 
scribed under "Score." 

The object of the guards is to intercept the passage of the 
ball and send it back to their own basemen for similar play. 

RULES: The game shall be played in two halves of 15 
minutes each, with a 5-minute rest between, except at final 
meets, where halves may be shortened to 6 minutes, if desired. 

Guards may move around freely on their own half of the 
ground, but each should be responsible for guarding one par- 
ticular baseman. Guards may not step within bases. 

Guards may not enter the neutral strip except when called 
there in rotation, as explained under "Start" to put the ball in 
play. 

The play of the ball need not be in consecutive order from 
base to base, but may zigzag across the circle. It ceases to 
score when caught twice by the same baseman during a given 
play, or when caught by the captain. That is, the second 
catch of a baseman does not score; the captain's catch does 
score, but that ends the play. 

START: The ball shall be put in play by the referee who 
shall toss it up in the center of the neutral strip between two 
guards, one from each team, who shall try to secure it. To 
touch the ball shall not give the guard possession of it; it shall 
be held in both hands. In case of dispute, the referee shall again 
toss the ball. 

Guards shall be called in regular succession to the neutral 
strip to put the ball in play. The two called shall be from sim- 
ilar positions on opposite sides of the field. 





® 

S^A * A^ 

(5) 

®A * A® 



Neutral Strip 3 Feet wide 






2-root arele ^A 1 ^ 

^: 

GROUND PLAN FOR CAPTAIN BALL. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 103 

The guards shall return to their home fields when one has 
secured the ball, the one having the ball putting it in play 
from her own field. 

The ball shall be put in play at the beginning of each half, 
after each scoring play, and after each foul. 

SCORE: One point shall be scored for a team whenever 
one of its basemen catches a ball thrown by any other of its 
basemen, except the captain. When the entire succession of 
outer basemen have thus caught the ball, whether in regular 
rotation or not, two extra points shall be scored; thus with 
5 basemen, 6 points would be scored for such a play. 

Two points additional shall be scored when such a play ends 
with a successful throw to the captain. With 5 outer bases, 
this would mean a score of 8 points. One point is scored 
for a team for each foul committed by its opponents. 

Under all other circumstances, one point shall be scored when- 
ever the captain catches the ball from a baseman of her team. 

No score shall be made on a catch by a baseman or captain 
from a guard. 

One point shall be scored for the opponents whenever a foul 
is made, and the ball shall then be put in play again from the 
center. 

The ball shall cease to score: 

(i) After being caught by the captain (the captain's 
catch scores); 

(2) When it gets to the hands of a baseman who has 

previously had it in the same play (this second 
catch does not score); 

(3) When it gets to the hands of an opponent; 

(4) When a foul is committed. 

FOULS: It shall be a foul to carry the ball (i. c, to take 
more than one step with it). 

To hold it longer than time enough to turn around quickly, 
or three seconds. 



104 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRABT. 

To touch the ball in any way while it is in the hands of any 
other player. 

To touch or trip an opponent. 

For guards to step into the neutral strip or the opponents' 
territory. 

It shall be a foul for a baseman to step out of his base with 
more than one foot at a time, or for a guard to step within a 
base in any way. 

PENALTY: One point shall be scored for the opponents 
whenever a foul is committed. 

4. PUNCH BALL 

BALL: Light weight basket ball, preferably a canvas 
basket ball. 

THE GROUND: Diamond similar to that of base ball 
diamond, square in shape and measuring from 30 to 40 feet 
on each side. A larger or smaller space may be used, accord- 
ing to the available space and size of the children. At each 
of the four points of the diamond, a base, one foot square, 
shall be marked out, except in the case of the home plate, 
where a semi-circle three feet in diameter, shall be marked 
out. A line shall be drawn from the home plate to first base 
and extending beyond it on the right hand side of the dia- 
mond and from the home plate to third base and extending 
beyond it on the left hand side of the diamond. These lines 
constitute the foul lines. 

PLAYERS: The players shall be divided into two equal 
teams; any number from six to twelve may play on each 
team. One team shall be in the field while the other team is 
at bat. The players shall have a batting order, namely, shall 
be numbered off as one, two, three, etc., the catcher being 
number one. The players shall always bat in consecutive 
order, that is, if number five is the last at bat in a given 
inning, number six shall be the first at bat in the next inning 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY 105 

of that team. The team at bat shall stand to one side of 
home plate, out of the way of the runners and catcher, while 
waiting to bat. The players in the field, with the exception 
of the catcher, shall spread out to cover the field. Crosses 
may be marked on the diamond to indicate location for each 
player; but this does not mean that the player shall not move 
about. The catcher stands close to the home plate. The 
game shall be started by a command from the referee to 
"play ball." The catcher, who is then holding the ball, shall 
toss it to the first batter on the opposing team. The first 
batter on the opposing team shall stand on the home plate 
and shall bat the ball with her closed fist, hit it into the field 
and run to first base. 

OBJECT OF THE GAME: The object of the batter is to 
hit the ball into the field in such a way that it may not be 
caught by the fielders, and to run to first base. The object 
of the fielders is to return the ball to their catcher who shall 
stand on the home plate and hold the ball before the batter 
reaches first base. If the fielders muff the ball and are slow 
in returning it to home plate, the batter who has reached 
first may continue on to second or third base, or as far as 
in her judgment she can get before the ball reaches home 
plate. The player running the bases may always advance 
a base whenever the opportunity occurs and the ball is in 
play. The final object of the player running to the bases is 
to touch each base and to reach the home plate without 
being put out, thus scoring one run for her side. 

AN INNING: An inning consists of each team having a 
turn at bat. When each team has been at the bat nine times, 
nine innings shall have been completed and the game ended. 
The score at the end of these innings is the final score for 
the game, except in case of a tie at the end of the ninth. In 
this case, the game continues until one team at the end of 
one or more innings has scored against the other. Each 
inning lasts until each team in turn has made three outs, and 



2nd Bas9 



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3rd Baa9. 



lst.Ba«o 



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ooooooooo 

BATTING TEAM 



'Homo Plate 1 



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SCORE BOARD 



Irrnings 


1 


2 


3 


4- 


5 


6 


T 


8 


9 




. 







































PUNCH BALL DIAMOND. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 107 

has been retired. When the first team batting has made 
three outs, it goes into the field and the team that has been 
in the field takes its place at bat. 

AN OUT: The player is out: i. If the ball is returned 
to the home plate before she reaches first base. 2. If the 
ball she bats is caught on the fly, that is, if the ball is caught 
by the fielders before it touches the ground, 3. If she at 
any time is off base when the ball is in play, and the catcher 
is able to hold the ball with one foot on the home plate and 
call her name. 4. If in running the bases she neglects to 
touch each base. 5. If she fails to accept a chance to run 
to next base, causing two players to be caught on one base. 

In scoring an out the catcher shall stand with at least one 
foot on the home plate, and with the ball securely in her 
hands. 

A FLY BALL: If when the ball is hit out by a batter, any 
player in the field catches it before it touches the ground, 
the ball shall have been caught on the fly; the ball shall be 
out of play; the batter shall be out, and any player running 
between bases shall return to the base she was on before the 
ball was batted. 

A FOUL: If when the ball is batted it falls outside the 
foul line, stretching from home plate through first base or 
from home plate through third base, the ball is foul and is 
out of play; the batter receives another chance and she is 
allowed to try until she hits a fair ball. Any player running 
between bases shall return to the base she held before the 
foul was made. 

THE SCORE: When a player has successfully run from 
base to base, first, second, third, reaches home plate, she 
has made a run and scores one for her side. At the end of 
each inning the number of runs made in that inning shall 
be marked upon a score board. 



108 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARr. 

OAT-BAG RELAY 

For Girls in the S— A and 8— B Grades. 

The oat-bag relay race consists of a competition of teams made 
up of ten pupils from the 8A and SB grades of each school. The 
teams line up, one pupil behind another, No. i girl standing on 
the starting line, which is eight inches wide, and the rest of the 
team spread out behind, one in back of the other. Sixty feet back 
of this starting line there is a second line drawn parallel to the 
first on which poles are to be placed. In front of the starting line 
a third line is drawn thirty feet away. The first or No. i girl 
standing on the starting line holds an oat-bag approximately eight 
inches in diameter and weighing four pounds, which she passes at 
command over her head with both hands to No. 2 girl, behind. 
Each girl in turn passes the bag over her head with both hands 
until it reaches the last or No. 10 girl, who turns and runs to the 
fear line around the pole which was spoken of as being sixty feet 
back of the starting line. Here she turns and quickly returns to 
the starting line passing to right of her team and passes the bag 
over her head in the same way that the first girl did; then gets 
back on the line. The successive members of the team thus run 
to the rear line and to the front until at last the first or number 
I girl has gradually moved back to the last one in the line. She 
must not only run to the back line, but instead of stopping at the 
starting line she runs at full speed to the finish line thirty feet away 
and crosses it, thereby finishing the race. 



■so'- 



5^ w 



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sit 



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z 

« 

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a 
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I'liiirii/t ■] 


2i*st7tj'e 



Ua FACIMO FWOKTT H 



Diagram Illustrating Oat-Bag Relay. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



lod 



The first girl is responsible for the team being on the line, but 
this shall not be interpreted as referring to the girl who is run- 
ning with the bag. 

Any girl may take hold of the pole as an aid to circling it. 

INDIAN CLUB AND FLAG RELAY RACE 

For girls of the 6A and 6B. 
An Indian Club and flag relay race consists of a competition 
of teams made up of six pupils from the 6A and 6B grades of 

_— lo* so" 





SS4HI 


It 




1 

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2 
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INDIAN cu;& 



GIRLS FACE FRONT LINE. OR INDIAN CLUB. 

Diagram Illustrating Indian Club and Flag Relay Race. 

each school. The teams line up as in the oat-bag relay race ; that 
is, one behind the other, the front or No. i girl standing on the 
starting line and the rest of the team standing behind her. Fifty 
feet in front of the first girl (in the oat-bag race it is behind) 
is a line drawn parallel to the starting line and behind the starting 
line and back of the team, the finish line is drawn twenty feet 
away (in the oat-bag race this line is in front of the girls). In 
front of each team on the line fifty feet in front a pole is set up. 
At the word of command the first or No. i girl, who holds a 
United States Flag i6 inches in length without stick, runs to the 
pole in front of her team, circles it with her right side towards 
the pole and returns to the starting line, where the second member 
or No. 2 girl of the team has taken her position ready to run. As 
the first runner runs by on the right side of her team mates, she 
hands the flag to the outstretched right hand of the one on the 
starting line, who immediately dashes ofif to circle the pole as the 



110 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBBAET. 

first member of the team has done before. Each one in turn on 
the team receives the flag, runs around the pole and returns to the 
starting line where she delivers the flag as above described, and 
then takes her place back of the line of standing team mates. 
Each member takes her place back of the one last running, except 
the sixth member or No. 6 girl of the team. When she receives 
the flag, she runs around the pole, retur is and crosses the starting 
line and continues on to the finish line, which has been said was 
twenty feet behind the starting line. 

The flag should not be dropped throughout the race; but any 
girl who drops one must pick it up before continuing the race. 

Any girl may take hold of the pole as an aid to circling it. 



POTATO RELAY RACE 

For girls of the 5.A. and 5B. (8 in a team.) 

The Potato Relay Race consists of a contest between teams of 
eight girls from the 5A and 5B grades. 

The competitors line up standing behind two stands, which are 
20 yards apart. The ist, 3d, 5th and 7th girls stand behind one of 
the stands and the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th stand behind the opposite 
one. At the signal No. i takes her place on the right side of 
her stand. At the pistol shot she runs to the opposite stand from 
which she brings one potato and places it on her own stand, which 
is empty; having placed this potato on the stand she runs and 
touches No. 2 girl, who has taken her place on the right side of 
her stand, toeing the mark. The touch off is made the same as in 
the Indian Club Relay. After No. i makes the touch off she takes 
her place on a line 10 ft. back of the starting line and sits down. 
The same order is followed by numbers two, three, four, five, six, 
seven and eight. No. 8 finishes the race by crossing the opposite 
starting line and holding up her hand. (Each girl will run 60 
yards.) 

The potatoes must be on the stand, if they roll off they must be 
put back by the one who makes the mistake, otherwise the team 
shall be disqualified. 




X^ X^ 

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FINISH LINE 



112 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



DODGE BALL CONTEST 

For girls in the 4A and 4B Grades. 

To enter Dodge Ball girls must be under 4 feet 6 inches in 
height. 

A Dodge Ball contest consists of sixteen pupils on a side, ar- 
ranged in the following manner: A circle 36 feet in diameter is 
drawn and one team takes its place arranged outside the circum- 
ference so that the spacing shall be equi-distant between the play- 
ers. Another team takes its position scattered anywhere inside 
the circle. 

A Spalding indoor base ball, 17 inches in circumference, 
is given to one of the outside players and at the signal, the ball 
is thrown in such a manner as to hit one of the players inside the 
circle. Should the ball hit a player in the circle that player 
becomes dead, and takes her place on a line which is assigned 

o 




Diagram Illustratin 



O 

Dodge Ball. 



somewhere without the field of play. The play is continuous 
until the expiration of the time limit, which is three minutes. 

In the second half the players reverse their positions and at the 
end of the time the team having the fewest number of dead 
players wins the game. 



:<PALD1NG'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 113 

The ball is thrown by any player around the circumicrence. A 
player may leave the circle to get the ball, but the ball must 
not be thrown at the opposing side except from outside the line. 
A player shall be disqualified if she throws the ball standing on or 
inside the line. When disqualified she must drop out of the circle 
and remain on a line drawn on the opposite side of the circle to 
the dead players, until her team goes to the inside of the circle. 
A dead player counts one point for the opposing side; a foul 
counts one point against the side making it. A player, disquali- 
fied for throwing the ball either from on or inside line, forfeits 
one point in addition to being disqualified. A player of the inside 
team leaving the circle is dead. In case of a tie score, the game 
shall be awarded to the side making the fewest fouls. 

Preliminary games will be arranged for in the various schools 
and the winners of the leagues will meet at the armory or other 
designated places for the linal games. 

20-YARD TEAM RACE 

For girls in the 4 — .\ and 4 — B Grades. 20 girls on a team. 

The girls line up one behind the other back of the starting line. 
The starter stands at the finish line and starts the girls one at a 
time by waving a handkerchief. A Referee stands by the girl at 
the starting line and lets one after another go at the signal of the 
handkerchief which is made as each girl finishes. The timer starts 
his watch with the first girl and keeps it going until the finish of 
the last or twentieth girl. The team that runs in the shortest 
time wins. 



THE SPALDING 



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(CONSULTATION with architects, prior to the 
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DLANS and suggested lists of complete outfits will 
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Gymnasium Factory 

CHICOPEE, MASS. 



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A. G. SPALDING & BROS., Inc. 

Gymnasium Factory 

CHICOPEE, MASS. 



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ber suction soles, 
superior quality. 

Pair. $6.00 

No.BBL. Women's. 
High cut, light; black 
leather, good quality 
red rubber suction 
soles. Pair. $5.00 




9^ 



SPALDING G^^VINASIUM SHOES 



No. IS 

Correel 
Shoes for 




No. 15. High cut, 
kangaroo uppers, 
genuine elkskin 
soles. Will not slip 
on floor; extra light. 
The correct shoes 
to wear for boxing. 

Pair. $6.00 
No. 155. High cut. 
elkskin soles, and 
will not slip on floor; 
soft and flexible. 

Pair. $5.00 
No. 166. Low cut, 
selected leather, ex- 
tra light and electric 
soles, men's sizes 
only. Pair. $4.00 
No. 66L. Women's. 
Low cut, extra light, 
selected leather up- 
pers. Electric soles. 

Pair. $4.00 
No. 21. High cut. 
black leather, electric 
soles. Sewed and 
turned.which makes 
shoes extremely 
light and flexible. 

Pair, $3.25 
No. 20. Low cut. 
Otherwise as No.2 1 . 
Sewed and turned 
shoes. Pair, $2.50 
No. 20L. Women's. 
Otherwise as No. 20. 
Sewed and turned 
shoes. Pair, $2,50 




Ne.«61 





PROMPT ATTENTION GIVEN TO I 

ANY COMMUNICATIONS 

ADDRESSED TO US 



A. G.SPALDING &. BROS. 

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 



FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STOREl 
.SEE INSIDE FRONT COVEB 
OF THIS BOOH 



"Pttaodttitd lu^ ^t 1^16* Svbit^lofbttlStVlUhaula^iak ^ fin Cmadian prlta stt tpttiai Canadian Calalogut, 



ACCEPT NO 
SUBSTITUTE 



THE SPALDING 



TRADEMARK 



GUARANTEES 
QUALITY 



Spalding Canvas Top Gymnasium and Basket Ball Shoes 




No. P. Special quality soft rubber soles. These soles abso- 
lutely hold on the most slippery floor. Light weight, 
durable, correct in design. Sizes, 5 to I 1 only. No other 
sizes Pair, $3.25 * $36.00 Dozen Pairs. 

No. HH. High cut, white canvas uppers. Sole surface is 
similar to our popular gymnasium shoes, but of white, 
best quality rubber, twice as thick as on |rubber sole 

canvas gymna- 

sium shoes. Men's — *"*^ ^^ 

6 to 12, in- * 



. $2.25 

.:(i Doz. 

• No. HHB. Boys'. 

^ 2/2 to 3'.>, inclu- 

% sive. Otherwise 

tt same as No. H.H. .... 

Pair. $2.00 

* $^1.IU) Doz. 

No.HHX. Youths." 1 I to 2. inclusive. Other- No. HB. Boys'.: 

wise as No. HH. Pair, $1.75 * $IS.90 Doz. wise as No. f- 

No. H. Men's. As No. HH, but low cut. Sizes. No. HX. Youths' 

6 to 12, inclusive. Pair, $2.00 * $21.60 Doz. wise as No. H. 



i 



J to 5'/' inclu.=;ive. Other- 
Pair, $1.75 * $18.90 Doz. 

1 I to 2, inclusive. Other- 
Pair. $1.60 • $17.28 Doz. 



Spalding High Grade Canvas Shoes, with Rubber Soles 



MEN'S-Sizes, 6 to 12, inclusive. 

No. IH. High cut, best quality white rubber 
soles. White canvas. Pair. $1.75 * ^'/^.i'ODo^. 
No. I. Low cut. Otherwise as No. IH. 

Pair, $1.50 * $16.20 Doz. 
No. M. High cut. . " 1.00* 10.80 " 
No. K. Low cut. . " .90 • 9.72 " 

BOYS'— Sizes, 25< to 55< inclusive. 
No. IHB. High cut. best quality white rubber soles. White canvas. . 

No. IB. Low cut. Otherwise same as No. IHB 

No. MB. High cut. Pair. $1.00 •.?! 0.60 Do^. No. KB. Low cut. 



YOUTHS'-Sizes. 11 to 2, inclusive. 
No. IHX. High cut, best quality white rubbei 
soles. White canvas. 

Pair. $1.50 * $16.20 Doz. 
No. IX. Low cut. Otherwise same as No. IHX. 
Pair, %l.2S if $13.50 Doz. 
.95* 10.26 ** 



No. MX. High cut. 
No. KX. Low cut. 



.75 * 8.00 

$1.60 if $17.28 Doz. 

1.50 * 16.20 " 

.85 * 9.18 " 



Spalding Women's High Grade Canvas Shoes, White Rubber Soles 

No. IHL. Similar to No. IH, narrow lasts. All Sizes P&\r,%\.60 if $17.28 Doz. 

No. IL. Similar to No. 1, narrow lasts. All Sizes " 1.40* 15.12 " 

Spalding Special Grade Canvas Shoes, White Rubber Soles 



MENS'— Sizes, 6 to 12, inclusive. 

No. WM. High cut. Pak, $1.25 if $13.50 Doz 
No. WK. Low cut. " 1.00* 



10.80 
BOYS'— Sizes, 2^^ to 5l< inclusive, 



YOUTHS'— Sizes, 1 1 to 2, inclusive. 
No. WMX. High cut. Pair. $1.05 * $11.3i Doz. 
No.WKX. Low cut. " .90* 



9.72 



No. WMB. High cut. Pair. $1.10 * $11.88 Doz. No. WKB. Low cut. Pair, 95c. if $10.26 Doz. 

The prices printed in italics opposite : terns ynarked with * will be quoted only on orders for one- 
half dozen or more at one time. Quantim prices NOT allowed on iteins NOT marked with * 



PROMPT AnENTION GIVEN TO I 

ANY COMMUNICATIONS 

ADDRESSEO TO US 



A. G.SPALDING & BROS. 

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 



FOR COMPUTE LIST OF STORES 

SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER 

OF THIS BOOK 



PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. For CwomOx^ price. <>ee .pecial CuMdiu Caulogue 



ACCEPT NO 
SUBSTITUTE 



THE SPALDING 



TRADEMARK 



GUARANTEES 
QUALITY 



Spalding 
Indoor League Balls 

No. 1. Size, 17 inches cir- 
cumference. Adopted by 
the National Indoor Base 
Ball Association of the 
United States. Special 
oil tanned leather cover. 
Each, $1.00 

No. 2. Sheepskin cover, 
curled hair filling. 

Each, 75c. 



SndoorjCoaffue 




We are using PATENT 
KAPOK FILLING (Patented 
August 11. 1914). in Nos. 1 and 
IX Indoor Balls. This filling 
adds to the life of the ball and 
makes it more resilient. Further- 
more, with this filling we are 
able to get the ball correct weight 
by filling more compactly so that 
ball holds its shape and will 
float. A really ideal combina- 
tion of qualities for ipdoor balls. 



Spalding Armory Indoor Balls 

No. IX. Size, 14 inches circumference. No. lOA. Size, 10 inches circumfer- 

Adopted by the National Indoor Base ence ; weight, 5 ounces. Special oil 

Ball Association for use in armory tanned leather cover. . Each, 75c. 

games. Special oil tanned leather No. 3. Sheepskin cover, curled hair 

cover Each, .$1.00 filling Each, 75c. 

Balls for General Recreation 

No. 6. Sheepskin cover, 14 inches circumference Each, 50c 

No. 9. Sheepskin cover, 1 I Yz inches circumference ** 25c 

No. 9R. Imitationleathercover, cotton filled, 8 >^ inches circumference. ** lOc 

Spalding Indoor Base Ball Bats 



(Suitable also for Playground Ball) 



9lill!!MMmi 



^ 



No. 0. Regulation Bat. Selected second grow^th ash. Handle wrapped with 

electric tape Each, 50c. 

No. 2. Regulation Bat. Handle not wrapped " 40c. 



Spalding Indoor Bases 

(Suitable also for Playground Ball) 
No. 1. Canvas. 10-oz. duck, unfilled. . . Set of 3. $2.50 
No. 2. Canvas. 8-oz. duck, unfilled. . . " 2.00 

No. 5. Qyilted, stiff canvas, without straps. " 1.00 

No. 3. Indoor Rubber Home Plate Each, .50 




PliOMPTAnENTION GIVEN TO 

ANY COMMUNICATIONS 
. , . ADDRESSED TO OS 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 



fOR COMPUTE LIST OF STORES 

SE£ INSIDE FRONT COVER 

OF THIS BOOK 



"prices In tfect J"l!/St.l^l6t , Sutl/^it '« (hanic withoul nobcc Fof Canadian prioa kc iptcial Carrion Catalogue 



sbKe THE SPALDING 



QUALITY 



SPALDING PLAYGROUND BALLS 

The National Playground Ball Association of America have adoptea the 
Spalding Balls Nos. 1 7PB and 14PB as official 

All of these balls are made specially for general recreation pur- 
poses and for games at picnics, outings, etc., where players on 
account of lack of experience or practice might not wish to use a 
hard ball, and furthermore, the balls are w^ound so that they cannot 
be batted very far, making it possible to improvise ball grounds in 
a space that would be out of the question for ordinary base ball. 

We are using PATENT KAPOK FILLING (Patented 
August 11. 1914), in Nos. 14.0PB, 17PB. 14PB, 12PB 
and 9PB Playground Balls. This filling adds to the 
life of the ball and makes it more resilient. Further- 
more, with this filling we are able to get the ball 
correct weight by filling more compactly so that ball 
holds its shape and will float. A really ideal combi- 
nation of qualities for playground balls. 

No. 14-OPB. Outseam style; particularly for outdoor 
playground use. Size, 14 inches circumference. 
Horse hide cover Each, $1.25 

No. 12-OPB. 12 inches circumference. Otherwise 
iikeNo. 14 0PB Each. $1.25 

inches circumference. Special 

Each, $1.00 

inches circumference. Wound 




No. 14-OPB 



No. 17PB. Size. 17 
horse hide cover. 

No. 14PB. Size. 14 

a little firmer than No. 17PB. Special horse hide 
cover Each. $1.00 

No. 12PB. Size, 12 inches circumference. Not official 
in size, but same quality as Nos. 1 7PB and 14PB 
balls Each, $1.00 

No. 9PB. Made specially for use on municipal play- 
grounds; horse hide cover, but not official in size. 

Each. $1.00 

No. 33. White horse hide cover, smau size. " .50 




No. 17PB 



SPECIAL NOTICE.— Bats, Bases anc< Body and Knee Protectors suitable for use when playing 
Playground Ball, will be found listed with Indoor Base Ball Goods. 



PROMPT AnENTION GIVEN TO! 
m COMMUNICATIONS 
■ ■ UDDRESSED TO US 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

STORES IN ALL LARGE GITIES 



FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES 

SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER 

OF THIS BOOK 



'hka In ^(tJjidfiS»{^l^ SuiiathKhansiviilhvtlniiiiBi fofQinadianfidia see iptcid Canadian Ojtalogue* 



suKJHE SPALDING 



TRADEMARK "^STrf 




No.OV 



SPALDING VOLLEY BALLS 

No.OV. Official style. Best quality white chrome. 
Regulation size and weight. . . Each, $5.00 

No. OY. Official Y.M.CA. style. Special quality 
brown leather Each, $5.00 

No. RV. Special brown tanned leather. Regu- 
lation size and weight Each, $5.00 

No. W. Good quality leather. Well made prac- 
tice ball Each, $2.50 

No. A. Guaranteed bladder for any of the above 
volley balls Elach, 90c 



SPALDING VOLLEY BALL POSTS AND NETS 




a::r^\^M 



No. IV Volley Ball Net 
with No. 2 Standards 



No. P. Posts complete, with guy ropes Pair, $2.50 

No. O. Posts complete, with spikes " 2.00 

No. 2. Standards, 9 feet high, for indoor use. . . . Complete with net, 8.50 
No. IV. Nets separate, for standards or posts Each, 1.00 



PROMPT AHENTION 6IV!N TO 

Ml COMMUNICATIONS 

. ADDBESSED TO US , 



A. G.SPALDING & BROS. 

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 



FOR COMPLETE LIST Of STORES 

SEE INSIDE FRONT COVEA 

OF THIS BOOK 



"Ptlca In tffaJ Julff 5, 1916, Subject to change untAouf noUct. For Canadian prica tu fecial Canadian Calalogac 



SUBSTITUTE 



THE SPALDING 




SPALDING OFFICIAL BASKET BALL 

Cover is made in four sections, with capless ends and of finest and most 
carefully selected pebble grain leather, special tanned. Extra heavy- 
bladder, made especially for this ball, of extra quality pure Para rubber 
(not compounded). Each ball packed complete, in sealed box, w^ith raw- 
hide lace and lacing needle, and guaranteed perfect in every detail. 

No. M. Spalding Official Basket Ball. Each, $8.50 




\3^P GUARANTEE ****^ '^^^ *° ^® perfect in material and workmanship and 
Vi^-'r^ivr^A^ 1 1^1-1 correct in shape and size when inspected at our factory. 
If any defect is discovered during the first game in which it is used, or during the first 
day's practice use, and, if returned at once, we will replace same under lis guarantee. 
We do not guarantee against ordinary wear nor against defect in shape or size that is 
not discovered 'mmediately after the first day's use. Owing to the superb quality of 
our No. M Basket Ball, our customers have grown to expect a season's use of one ball, 
and at times make unreasonable claims under our guarantee, which we will not allow. 

A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 



PROMPT mENTlON GIVEN TO I 
ANY COMMUNICATIONS 
ADDRESSED TO US ' 



A. G.SPALDING & BROS. 

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 



I FOR COMPUTE LIST OF STORES 

SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER 

OF THIS BOOK 



PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. For C.n«dian price, see .pecial Cao«diai> Catolofuo 



sSrsTlrUHE SPALDING 



ITRADEMARK 



SPALDING 
"OFFICIAL NATIONAL LEAGUE" 

(REG. U.S. I'.xr.OKF.) 

BALL 



PATENT CORK CENTER 

(Patented August 31, 1909) 







^af^^^^J^^^9i^ 






THE OFFICIAL BALL OF THE WORLD SERIES 

Adopted by the National League in 1878 

Is the only ball used in ChampionsKip games since 
that time and has now been adopted for twenty 
years more, making a total adoption of fifty-four 
years. Each ball wrapped in tin foil, packed in a 
separate box, and sealed in accordance with the 
^Pj. latest League regulations. Warranted tc last a full 
game when used under ordinary conditions. 

No. 1 . Each, $ 1 .25 Dozen, $ 1 5.00 




PROMPT tHENTION GIVEN TO I 

INT COMMONICtTIQNS 

AOOBESSEO TO US 



A. G.SPALDING &, BROS. 

STORES rN ALL LARGE CITIES 



I FOR COMPliTE LIST OF STORES 

SEE INSIDE FBONT COVES 

OF THIS BDOt 



I hi effect JuuiATj S. IBIS, Sabject to nhinge without notice For Cindiin price* tee •peciaJ r « n e d i« n Ctelague. 



hUK OUK CUSIOMEKS 

THIS ORDER BLANK 

IS FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE 

YOU PURCHASED THIS BOOK AT 



We also sell a complete line of Spalding 
Athletic Goods as well as all the 
books of the Spalding Athletic Library. 

CONSULT THE FULL LIST 

FOR OTHER BOOKS ON ATHLETICS 



When ordering Athletic Goods use this 
sheet. Simply tear it out along dotted 
line, fill in your wants on the reverse 
side, and maii it with the price as noted. 

SEE THE OTHER SIDE 



Gentl 



emen : 



Enclosed please, find $. 



for which send me the articles listed below: 



List L. ,. I 

Number Q"ant»ty| 



Description of Article 



Price 



TTc 



8. 



■^4 



(See other aid 



STANDARD QUALITY 

.tl7„^ K ^k r """'l '^^^"^ "^r'^'" * 'y"''"= Pf°P°«i°" °f P"re gold, and the fact of its being Genuine i. 

Zu^itVhA°"Z ^'^""P '^"rj'-- ^'-^ P^o'ection to the users of this currency against counterfeiting and 

ler tricks, considerable inoney is expended in mamlaming a Secret Service Bureau of Experts. Under the law. citizen 
'llt""C'", """'.t^r^t '°!. ^^f^'"*'"' upon Trade.Marks and similar devices to prot'^ct themselves aga^n . coun" 
feit products-iy.thout the aid of "Government Detectives" or -Public Opinion" to assist them. 

Consequentlythe Consumers {Protection" against misrepresentation and "inferior quality" rests enrirely upon the 
egrity and responsibility of the "Manufacturer. h / » cumciy upon uie 

r^^9i^r^f,l.^ ^ ^'°l.i!'''"'- \^ '^^'^"eo'°"» attention to "Quality." for forty years, caused their Trade- Mark to 
come known throughout the world as a Guarantee of Quality as dependable in their field as the U. S. Currency is in its field 
kltV r'T^-°'.K''^7'^'"^ the guarantee of the Spalding Trade-Mark and maintaining the Standard Qua iy of th^ 
hletic Goods. IS. therefore, as obvious as ,s the necessity of the Government in maintaining a Standard Currency. 
Thus each consumer IS not only insuring himself but also protecting other consumers when he assists a Reliable 
mufacturer m upholding his Trade-Mark and all that it stands for. Therefore, we urge all users of our Athletic 
Zl^/"lT Z'? '"^'"'^'"'"8 the Spalding Standard of Excellence, by insisting that our Trade-Mark be plainly 
T5^ !in I. J ^ '• ^•)'^*^ '^y buy. because without this precaution our best efforts towards" mainraining 
indard Quality and preventing fraudulent substitution will be ineffectual. ^ niwning 

3 eZfcizeTbv mlker,"„1 ^''f''" '""''t -'^ 'f "u^= reputation of being high-priced, and this sentiment is fostered 

3 emphasized by inakers of inferior goods, with whom low prices are the main consideration. 

A manufacturer of recognued Standard Goods with a reputation to uphold and a guarantee to protect, must necc 

•ly have higher price, than a manufacturer of cheap goods, whose idea of and basis of a claim for Standard <SS 

?end8 principally upon the eloquence of the salesman. ^ ^ >^wnaara v^aiiij 

We know from experience that there is no quicksand more unstable 

n poverty m quality— and wc avoid this quicksand by Standard Quality 



^-^f^^^i<^f^^i^^ 



STANDARD POLICY 

A Standard Quality must be inseparably linked to a Standard Policy. 

Without a definite and Standard Mercantile Policy, it is impossible for a Manufacturer to long maintain a Standard Quality. 

lo market his goods through the jobber, a manufacturer must provide a profit for the jobber as well as for the retail 

ler. 1 o meet these conditions of Dual Profits, the manufacturer is obliged to set a proportionately high list orice on 

goods to the consumer. ^ o i- 

^i,'"l''i'* '^* *''"'' *^''^'"^"» '*'f>en booking his orders, to figure out attractive profits to both the jobber and retailer. 

»«^high list prices are absolutely essential; but their real purpose will have been served when the manufacturer haa 

Jred his order from the jobber, and the jobber has secured his order from the retailer. 

However, these deceptive high list prices are not fair to the consumer, who does not. and, m reality, ia not ever 

ected to pay these fancy list prices. 

When the season opens for the sale of such goods, with their misleading but alluring high list prices, the retailer 

ms to realize his responsibilities, and grapples with the situation as best he can, by offering "special discounts." which 

f with local trade conditions. 

'-'"^ef ''lis system of merchandising, the profits to both the manufacturer and the jobber are assured'; but as there ia 

Jtability maintained in the prices to the consumer, the keen competition amongst the local dealers invariably leads to » 

loralized cutting of prices by which the profits of the retailer are practically eliminated. 

Phis demoralization always reacts on the manufacturer. The jobber insists on lower, and still lower, prices. The 

lufacturer. in his turn, meets this demand for the lowering of prices by the only way open to him. viz.: the cheapemns 

degrading of the quality of his product. 
rhe foregoing conditions became so intolerable that.ll? years ago. in 1899. A. G. Spalding & Bros, determined to rectify 

demoralization in the Athletic Goods Trade, and inaugurated what has since become known as "The Spalding Policy." 
rhe "Spalding Policy" eliminates the jobber entirely, so far as Spalding Goods are concerned, and the retail dealer 
ires the supply of Spalding Athletic Goods direct from the manufacturer by which the retail dealer is assured a fair. 
timate and certain profit on all Spalding Athletic Goods, and the consumer is assured a Standard Quality and U 
tected from imposition, 
rhe "Spalding Policy" is decidedly for the interest and protection of the users of Athletic Goods, and acts in twa ways: 

pRST.— The userU auoreJ of genuine Official Standard Athletic Goods. 

SECOND.- A. manufacturer., we can nroceed with confidence in purchasing at the proper time, the very best n» 
matenaU required m the manufacture of our various goods, well ahead of their respective seasons. *ad this enaklL uTV- I-_l 
Tide the necessary quanUty and absolutely maintain the Spalding Standard of Oualitv. -^ —» «u. enaDMs ua lo pro. 



p necessary quanUty and absolutely maintain the Spalding Standard of Quality, 

MI retail dealers handling Spalding Athletic Goods are requested to supply consumers at our regular printed catalogue 

ftrc"*'i j^' "j°'^1 """^ less— the same prices that similar goods are sold for in oiir New York. Chicago and other stores. 

Ml Spalding dealers, as well ks users of Spalding Athletic Goods, are treated exactly alike, and no special rebates or 

riminations arff allowed to anyone. 

'^ j"j. ^'efly- '» the "Spalding Policy," which has already been in successful operation for the past 1 7 years^ and «nll 

ndefanitely continued. 

n other words, "The Spalding PoU<y" is a "square deal" for everybody. 

A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 



ATHLETIC LIBRARY 



and is Official and Standard 
Price 10 cojits each 



GRAND PRIZE 




GRAND PRIX 



«^B»J 



ST.L0UIS.1904 



,„,3_ SPALDING £s 
ATHLETIC GOODS 



htfi^''*"^^'*™" 



A G Spalding ® Bros. 

MA.NTA^Wh"lES^E™RETA,L stores ,n t.r FOLLOWING C.T.ES 

NEW YORK CHICAGO ST.LOULS 

BOSTON MILWAUKEE KANSAS CITY 

PHILADELPHIA DETROIT SAN FRANCISCO 

NEWARK CINCINNATI LOS ANGELES 

ALBANY CLEVELAND SEATTLE 

BUFFALO COLUMBUS SALT LAKE C1T\ 

evoAriTCir pnCHESTER INDIANAPOLIS PORTLAND 

II^^fMOR/^WA^H" OTON PITTSBURGH ".-.APOL. 



LONDON. ENGLAND ^ 

LIVERPOOL. ENGLAND 

BIRMINGHAM. ENGLAND ^ 
MANCHESTER, ENGLAND 
BRISTOL. ENGLAND » 
EDINBURGH. SCOTLAND 
GLASGOW. SCOTLAND 



,D ATLANTA ST. PAUL 

NTT AND LOUISVILLE DENVER 

^ pvri AND NEW ORLEANS DALLAS 
^' PNGLAND MONTREAL. CANADA 

r^r f AND ) TORONTO, CANADA 

TorH SCOTLAND PARIS, FRANCE 

GOW IcOTlInS SYDNEY. AUSTRALIA 

.-,.„ /-^.^. or-r made am located tn the folloy^tng 



KEWl^On" CmCAGO SABrFBANCrSCO- CHICOPEE.MASS. 
^OOKLYN BOSTON PHILADELPHIA JX>NDON> ENG, 








^. 



,401 






' '^'- \ /" ^^^w\ 








^^-..^^^ 













D03SS BROS. (A o N o <o * " ' ^^ X^ 

'UL -69 -tijim- -^0^ ^^^'^ ^v^ 

T. AUGUSTINE " "^Z^^mB ' A ^^ ' 



FLA. 






^."^ ^!s^«i^% ^. 




